Quality changes in oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) during frozen storage as affected by freezing and antioxidant

Changes in physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of individual quick frozen (IQF) and contact plate frozen (CPF) oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) meat, treated and untreated with butylated hydroxyanisole (0.02% BHA suspension) during storage at −20 °C for 12 months were investigated. Increase in expressible drip of IQF oyster was slower than that of CPF oyster, due to the fact that quick freezing (IQF) resulted in less tissue damage than slow freezing (CPF). Neither freezing method nor antioxidant treatment caused significant changes in chemical qualities, i.e., pH, moisture, crude protein, crude fat and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), nor in microbiological qualities, i.e., total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. During frozen storage, TVC and psychrotrophic bacteria of both BHA-treated and untreated CPF oyster decreased with storage time increases (p < 0.05) at a slower rate than in IQF oyster. Antioxidant treatment could minimise sensory quality changes, especially the colour of frozen oyster during storage.     

Model‐based guidelines for user‐centric satellite control software development

Three persistent common problems in satellite ground control software are obsolescence, lack of desired features and flexibilities, and endless software bug fixing. The obsolescence problem occurs when computer and ground equipment hardware become obsolete, usually after only one‐third into the satellite mission lifetime. The software needs to be updated to accommodate changes on the hardware side, requiring significant work of satellite operators to test, verify, and validate these software updates. Trying to help solve these problems, we have proposed an object‐process methodology model and guidelines for developing satellite ground control software. The system makes use of a database‐driven application and concepts of object‐process orientation and modularity. In the new proposed framework, instead of coding each software function separately, the common base functions will be coded, and combining them in various ways will provide the different required functions. The formation and combination of these base functions will be governed by the main code, definitions, and database parameters. These design principles will make sure that the new software framework would provide satellite operators with the flexibility to create new features and enable software developer to find bugs quicker and fix them more effectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.