Densification involved in the UV-based photosensitivity of silicaglasses and optical fibers

A comprehensive survey of photosensitivity in silica glasses and optical fiber is reviewed. Recent work on understanding the mechanisms contributing to germanium or aluminum doped fiber photosensitivity is discussed within the framework of photoelastic densification models     

新型实用布线算法──L─M算法

本文提出新型布线算法，集李氏迷宫法与线搜索法的长处为一体，以饱和带法进行动态排序，以线搜索法确定借孔位置，然后用李氏法进行单层布线，获得最佳路径，从而达到线型好，布通率高的效果。     

Poly(3-octylthiophene) as semiconductor for schottky barrier: Effects of doping and storage time

Schottky diodes of aluminium/poly(3-octylthiophene)(P30T)/indium-tin oxide with large active area are prepared by using the proposed new casting technique. Their rectifying behavior and junction characteristics are dependent on whether the P30T is doped and on the storage time, but independent of the thickness of the P30T layer. The present technique can also be applied in a fabrication of electronic devices with other soluble conjugated polymers.     

Structure and properties of CE/CTBN/EP blends: II. Effect of EP on the mechanical properties and thermostability of the CE/CTBN system

Carboxyl‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN) has often been used to improve the toughness of cyanate ester (CE) resin while sacrificing modulus and thermostability. In this paper, the addition of the appropriate amount of epoxy resin (EP) to the CE/CTBN system is shown to not only increase the modulus and thermostability of the blend, but also improve the toughness. The values of impact strength showed a maximum for the CE/CTBN/EP 100/5/5 blend. The temperature of 10 % weight loss (T₁₀) improves from 376 °C for CE/CTBN 100/5 to 407 °C for the CE/CTBN/EP 100/5/2.5 blend. It is proposed that addition of the appropriate amount of EP can decrease the mobility and increase the stability of CTBN via the reaction between the terminal carboxyl group of CTBN and the hydroxyl group of EP. But a very high EP concentration will decrease the crosslinking density of CE, consequently reducing the mechanical properties and thermostability of the blends. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

二维多波束蜂窝网覆盖方法研究

提出一种基于二维多波束形成的蜂窝网覆盖方法,该方法旨在通过对平面阵阵元权矢量的控制,使所形成的波束在空域上呈非均匀蜂窝网结构,达到重点地区覆盖密度高,非重点区域覆盖密度低的目的,减小资源利用率,并重点分析了波束设计思路和权值的计算方法,仿真结果表明:该覆盖方法是有效的.     

憎水性栀子蓝色素制备的研究

以浓盐酸为催化剂,采用乙酸酐酯化处理水溶性栀子蓝色素,制备了憎水性栀子蓝色素.探讨了栀子蓝色素与乙酸酐料液比、反应时间和反应温度等因素对憎水性栀子蓝色素色价的影响.结果表明:采用料液比1:20,在常温下反应4 h,为制备憎水性栀子蓝色素的最优条件.同时,通过红外光谱、可见吸收光谱及溶解性对栀子蓝色素的酯化改性进行了初步的探讨.     

Onset of buoyancy-driven convection in melting from below

When a horizontal homogeneous solid is melted from below, convection can be induced in a thermally unstable melt layer. In this study the onset of buoyancy-driven convection during time-dependent melting is investigated by using similarly transformed disturbance equations. The critical Rayleigh numbers based on the melt-layer thickness are found numerically for various conditions. For small superheats, the present predictions approach the well known results of classical Rayleigh-Bénard problems, that is, critical Rayleigh numbers are located between 1,296 and 1,708, regardless of the Prandtl number. However, for high superheats the critical Rayleigh number increases with an increase in phase change rate but with decrease in Prandtl number.     

Characteristics of Milk Powders Produced by Spray Freeze Drying

Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles.     

Ionothermal synthesis of a three-dimensional zinc phosphate with DFT topology using unstable deep-eutectic solvent as template-delivery agent

A three-dimensional zinc phosphate compound with DFT topology, designated as ZnPO₄-EU1, has been synthesized by an ionothermal approach from the system HF-ZnO–P₂O₅-choline chloride-imidazolidone. Ethylenediamine, derived from decomposition of the imidazolidone component of the deep-eutectic solvent (DES) itself, is delivered to the synthesis and serves as an appropriate template for ZnPO₄-EU1. Experiments in which the synthesis conditions were varied showed that ZnPO₄-EU1 may be prepared over a wide molar ratio of P/Zn = 0.55–13.0. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained at intervals to track the crystallization process of this material. The experimental data show that Zn₃(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O (a dense phase) was first isolated from the DES after reaction for 1 h. Subsequently, the pure phase of ZnPO₄-EU1 was obtained with increasing crystallization time from 12 h to 72 h. The experimental results show that the nucleation and crystallization take place with relatively low levels of solvent degradation, demonstrating that zinc phosphate with a three-dimensional framework can be synthesized by in situ generation of an appropriate template using an unstable DES at high temperatures (150–200 °C).     

Local residence time,residence revolution,and residence volume distributions in twin‐screw extruders

This work was aimed at studying the overall, partial, and local residence time distributions (RTD); overall, partial and local residence revolution distributions (RRD) and overall, partial and local residence volume distributions (RVD) in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder, on the one hand; and establishing the relationships among them, on the other hand. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and geometry of mixing elements (a gear block and various types of kneading elements differing in staggering angle) and process parameters on the RTD, RRD and RVD. The overall and partial RTD were directly measured in‐line during the extrusion process and the local ones were calculated by deconvolution based on a statistical theory. The local RTD allowed comparing the mixing performance of mixing elements. Also it was confirmed both experimentally and theoretically that specific throughput, defined as a ratio of throughput (Q) over screw speed (N), controlled all the above three types of residence distributions, be they local, partial or overall. The RRD and RVD do not provide more information on an extrusion process than the corresponding RTD. Rather they are different ways of representing the same phenomena. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 48:19–28, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers