Exposed Die-Top Encapsulation Molding for an Improved High- Performance Flip Chip BGA Package

The recent advancement in high- performance semiconductor packages has been driven by the need for higher pin count and superior heat dissipation. A one-piece cavity lid flip chip ball grid array (BGA) package with high pin count and targeted reliability has emerged as a popular choice. The flip chip technology can accommodate an I/O count of more than five hundreds500, and the die junction temperature can be reduced to a minimum level by a metal heat spreader attachment. None the less, greater expectations on these high-performance packages arose such as better substrate real estate utilization for multiple chips, ease in handling for thinner core substrates, and improved board- level solder joint reliability. A new design of the flip chip BGA package has been looked into for meeting such requirements. By encapsulating the flip chip with molding compound leaving the die top exposed, a planar top surface can be formed. A, and a flat lid can then be mounted on the planar mold/die top surface. In this manner the direct interaction of the metal lid with the substrate can be removed. The new package is thus less rigid under thermal loading and solder joint reliability enhancement is expected. This paper discusses the process development of the new package and its advantages for improved solder joint fatigue life, and being a multichip package and thin core substrate options. Finite-element simulations have been employed for the study of its structural integrity, thermal, and electrical performances. Detailed package and board-level reliability test results will also be reported     

Numerical Study of Finite Element Method Based Solutions for Propagation of Wetting Fronts in Unsaturated Soil

The accurate prediction of the propagation of a wetting front in an unsaturated soil subjected to surficial infiltration is of practical importance to many geotechnical and geoenvironmental problems. The finite element method is the most common solution technique as the hydraulic soil properties are highly nonlinear. Two important issues are often found to create difficulties in such analyses. First, numerical oscillations are usually observed in the calculated pore pressures at the wetting front. Second, when a reasonable mesh size and time step are used, the elevation of the wetting front may be seriously overpredicted. This paper is focused on the second issue. The under-relaxation (UR) technique used in the iterative process within each time step is found to have a serious impact on rate of convergence with refinement in mesh size and time step. Two different techniques are typically used; the first evaluates the hydraulic conductivity using an average of heads calculated from the preceding time node and the most recent iteration of the current time node (UR1), and the second evaluates the hydraulic conductivity using the average of heads calculated from the two most recent iterations of the current time nodes (UR2). The study shows that UR1, which is adopted in programs such as SEEP/W, ensures that the solution converges rapidly to a stable solution within a time step, but may converge to the wrong wetting front at a given elapsed time unless a sufficiently refined mesh is used. UR2 converges much more slowly within a time step, but the error in the wetting front is smaller than that generated by UR1.     

Delay-dependent state estimation for delayed neural networks

In this letter, the delay-dependent state estimation problem for neural networks with time-varying delay is investigated. A delay-dependent criterion is established to estimate the neuron states through available output measurements such that the dynamics of the estimation error is globally exponentially stable. The proposed method is based on the free-weighting matrix approach and is applicable to the case that the derivative of a time-varying delay takes any value. An algorithm is presented to compute the state estimator. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach and the improvement over existing ones.     

An accurate and practical buffer allocation model for the buffer cache based on marginal gains

A new dynamic buffer allocation strategy based on the notion of marginal gains is presented for the buffer cache that is used by the operating system to store frequently accessed disk blocks in main memory, and the performance of the proposed strategy is compared with those of previous allocation strategies. In the proposed strategy, marginal gain values are predicted by exploiting functions that approximate the expected number of buffer hits per unit time. Experimental results from both trace-driven simulation and an actual implementation in the FreeBSD operating system show that the proposed strategy accurately predicts the marginal gain values for various workloads resulting in significantly improved buffer hit ratios.     

Robust Space Time Receiver for CDMA-based Antenna Arrays

In this paper, we propose a new robust code division multiple access (CDMA) receiver of which weight vector is obtained by projecting the effective spatio-temporal signature waveform onto the signal subspace of the data covariance matrix. We verified our proposed algorithm by the field measured data obtained with a custom-built wideband CDMA test-bed. It will be shown that the proposed algorithm is robust to the signal mismatch.     

Energy Trapping in Dications

The energy interaction curves of a number of diatomic and polyatomic dication systems were calculated in order to study their energy-trapping properties. Generally, the ab initio complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field method was used in an extended valence + polarization basis set, with compact effective potentials replacing the core electrons. The diatomic dications include all ten possible binary combinations of oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. O₂²⁺ shows the largest exothermicity, measured from equilibrium to the monocation combination asymptote, and highest barrier to dissociation. The calculated equilibrium bond length and harmonic vibrational frequency agree very well with experiment. The O₂²⁺, SO²⁺, SeO²⁺, and TeO²⁺ series show progressively decreasing exothermicities but similar barrier heights. The non-oxides, in contrast, show similar exothermicities but decreasing barriers with increasing size of the atom constituents. These trends are interpreted in terms of both valence bond curve-crossing and molecular orbital bonding models. The ozone dication, O₃²⁺, is found to have a number of low-lying singlet and triplet stationary state structures spanning near-linear to D_3h2+ symmetries. Although the calculated exothermicity is even larger than for O₂²⁺, the barrier to O₂⁺ + O⁺ dissociation is predicted to be low in each case. O₂²⁺ surrounded by six argon atoms to model an isolating environment shows increased equilibrium O–O bond length, decreased exothermicity, and increased barrier to dissociation, relative to the bare dication. O₂²⁺ flanked at each end by a perpendicularly oriented H₂ molecule in a staggered conformation is obstructed from direct conversion to the water dimer dication by a high barrier. However, [(H₂O)₂]²⁺ dissociates smoothly from equilibrium to two water monocations with a large exothermicity but a small barrier.     

宝山水电站坝区配电的选型及应用

本文通过ZWB组合式变电站在黑龙江省宝山水电站工程中的应用,论述了在坝区配电中选用组合式变电站的作用和必要性,并简要介绍了宝山电站组合式变电站的选型要点。     

Validation and modification of WAVE spray model for diesel combustion simulation

In CFD simulation of diesel combustion, the predictive capabilities of the spray model play the most important role. Consequently, under the strict guidelines of the V&V, a method to adjust parameters of diesel spray model WAVE to accompany with the in-cylinder physical progress has been investigated in this paper. Moreover, the simulation of the spray has been validated by high-speed photography experiments and verified by the equation proposed by Hiroyasu. Finally, a modified setup for the WAVE spray model has been proposed and applied in the spray and combustion simulation for Deutz1013 diesel in different engine speed.