Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Objective: The ability to select what is important to remember, to attend to this information, and to recall high-value items leads to the efficient use of memory. The present study examined how children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) performed on an incentive-based selectivity task in which to-be-remembered items were worth different point values. Method: Participants were 6–9 year old children with ADHD (n = 57) and without ADHD (n = 59). Using a selectivity task, participants studied words paired with point values and were asked to maximize their score, which was the overall value of the items they recalled. This task allows for measures of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value items. Results: Although there were no significant between-groups differences in the number of words recalled (memory capacity), children with ADHD were less selective than children in the control group in terms of the value of the items they recalled (control of memory). All children recalled more high-value items than low-value items and showed some learning with task experience, but children with ADHD Combined type did not efficiently maximize memory performance (as measured by a selectivity index) relative to children with ADHD Inattentive type and healthy controls, who did not differ significantly from one another. Conclusions: Children with ADHD Combined type exhibit impairments in the strategic and efficient encoding and recall of high-value items. The findings have implications for theories of memory dysfunction in childhood ADHD and the key role of metacognition, cognitive control, and value-directed remembering when considering the strategic use of memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The coplanar resonator technique for determining the surfaceimpedance of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thinfilms

We describe how coplanar microwave resonators fabricated from patterned thin films of YBa₂Cu₃O₇(-δ) (YBCO) can he used to measure the ab-plane microwave surface impedance Z_s=R_s+jX_s of the films, in particular the absolute value and temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth λ. The current distribution of the resonator is calculated by modelling the resonator as a network of coupled transmission lines of rectangular cross-sections; this is then used to estimate the ab-plane λ(T) from the measurements of resonators of different geometries patterned onto the same film. We obtain values of λ(0) in the range 150-220 nm. The unloaded quality factors of the linear resonators at 7.95 GHz are around 45000 at 15 K and around 6500 at 77 K. We estimate the corresponding values of the intrinsic R_s at 7.95 GHz to be 23 μΩ and 110 μΩ at 15 K and 77 K, respectively. These values are comparable with those of other high quality unpatterned YBCO films reported in the literature. Z_s for the best optimised films appears to be insensitive to the effects of patterning     

Advancements in the Development of non-BET Bromodomain Chemical Probes

The bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family of bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs) have been the subject of extensive research over the past decade, resulting in a plethora of high-quality chemical probes for their tandem bromodomains. In turn, these chemical probes have helped reveal the profound biological role of the BET bromodomains and their role in disease, ultimately leading to a number of molecules in active clinical development. However, the BET subfamily represents just 8/61 of the known human bromodomains, and attention has now expanded to the biological role of the remaining 53 non-BET bromodomains. Rapid growth of this research area has been accompanied by a greater understanding of the requirements for an effective bromodomain chemical probe and has led to a number of new non-BET bromodomain chemical probes being developed. Advances since December 2015 are discussed, highlighting the strengths/caveats of each molecule, and the value they add toward validating the non-BET bromodomains as tractable therapeutic targets.     

Wheat-Legume Composite Flour Quality

Wheat-legume composite flours were produced by blending Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) and Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat with varying amounts of three legume proteins. Legume protein addition produced breads with lower specific loaf volume, coarser crumb and firmer texture, and cooked white-salted noodles with greater compression stress and less cutting stress than the wheat controls. The CWES wheat compensated for the negative baking effects of the legume proteins as much as the CWRS wheat. End-use quality did not change at 2% soybean protein addition. Yellow pea protein produced the greatest quality changes, followed by chickpea and soybean protein.     

An examination of the relationship between workload and fatigue within and across consecutive days of work: Is the relationship static or dynamic?

Cognitive–energetical theories of information processing were used to generate predictions regarding the relationship between perceived workload and fatigue within and across consecutive days of work. Repeated measures were taken aboard a naval vessel from a sample of 20 Navy patrol vessel crew members during nonroutine and routine patrols. The hypotheses were tested through growth curve modeling. There was a nonmonotonic relationship between workload and fatigue in the routine patrol; moderate workload was associated with the lowest fatigue. The relationship between workload and fatigue changed over consecutive days in the nonroutine patrol. At the beginning of the patrol, low workload was associated with fatigue. At the end of the patrol, high workload was associated with fatigue. These results suggest that the optimal level of workload can change over time and thus have implications for the management of fatigue, particularly where prolonged operations are involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MR high-resolution imaging of arterial intimal hyperplasia at 1.5 T

Intimal hyperplasia is the earliest microscopic change detectable in the arterial wall in the development of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. To enable high-resolution imaging of this, a standard 1.5-T machine was modified using inserted gradient coils of 30 cm internal diameter and surface radio-frequency coils. Six rabbit aorta specimens with injury-induced intimal hyperplasia and two normal rabbit aorta specimens were imaged using a spin-echo sequence of TE 40. Pixel sizes as small as 20 µ×20 µ could be obtained and the area of intimal hyperplasia could be measured at 80 µ×40 µ. The results were compared with those made by a computer-linked microscope. In the injured aortas, there was a low-signal region on magnetic resonance imaging which corresponded to the media of the vessel wall when compared with the histology.T ₁ andT ₂ constants for the media were determined and compared with those of a normal specimen. TheT ₁ constant was shorter for the media of the injured aorta than in the normal. This could be related to the disruption of the internal elastic lamina and migration of muscle cells to the intima which occurs following injury. The popliteal artery of four normal volunteers was imaged and the area of the wall could be measured at a pixel size of 312 µ×160 µ. This suggests thatin vivo studies of intimal hyperplasia arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis could be made.     

Delimiting ''rural'': implications of an agreed ''rurality'' index for healthcare planning and resource allocation

Apoptosis is known as an active process of cell death forced by radio- and chemotherapy. Therefore, established concepts (terms, therapy schemes) will reflect a picture different from that usually seen, when examined under the apoptotic point of view. Furthermore, the development of new concepts for innovative diagnosis, prognosis and therapy could be accomplished. This is an attempt to reveal actual features of both aspects.     

The effect of an infusion of low molecular weight dextran on peripheral resistance in patients with arteriosclerosis

Low molecular weight dextran is frequently given to improve the flow of blood to the periphery, but its mode of action is uncertain. We measured the effect of an infusion of 500 ml of Dextran 40 on the peripheral resistance in 12 patients undergoing reconstructive surgery for atherosclerotic occlusion of the superficial femoral artery. After the infusion, values of packed cell volume and blood viscosity indicated haemodilution. There was a consistent increase in mean flow and a fall in peripheral resistance. There was no correlation between change in viscosity and change in peripheral resistance, but there was a good correlation between the percentage change in resistance and the initial resistance. This suggests that the increase in flow of blood was due to reflex vasodilatation rather than to any reduction in viscosity.     

Information security management system standards

This article presents ISO’s most successful information security standard ISO/IEC 27001 together with the other standards in the family of information security standards — the socalled ISO/IEC 2700x family of information security management system (ISMS) standards and guidelines. We shall take a brief look at the history and progress of these standards, where they originated from and how became the common language of organizations around the world for engaging in business securely. We shall take a tour through the different types of standard at are included in the ISMS family and how the relate and fit together and we will finally conclude with a short presentation of ISMS third party certification. The material used in this article has been derived directly from the many articles and books by Prof. Humphreys on the ISO/IEC 2700x ISMS family and they are implemented and applied in practice in business, commerce and government sectors.