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1.
A number of polymers have been “cold” extruded (i.e. at temperatures well below their normal melting temperatures) by the application of relatively high pressures. In all cases extrudates of relatively large cross-sectional area have been produced, and non-circular cross-sections have also been extruded. The extruded products has been evaluated and the results discussed. In general it has been found that whilst extrusion gives an oriented product, the increase in tensile modulus is much less than for a comparably drawn fibre. This phenomenon has been discussed in terms of the changes in crystalline structure produced by extrusion.  相似文献   
2.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of barrier membrane exposure on the success of guided tissue regeneration in Class II furcation defects. Twenty-six subjects with mandibular Class II furcation defects received initial periodontal therapy followed by guided tissue regeneration surgery. The membrane was placed and the flaps were repositioned so that the membrane was totally submerged. Membranes were removed 4 to 6 weeks later, at which time the extent of their exposure was recorded. An overall improvement in all clinical parameters was observed for all subjects 1 year after surgery. Half of the patients had experienced no membrane exposure, while the other 13 subjects had experienced mild to pronounced exposure; both groups showed similar improvement in all clinical and surgical parameters. In light of the comparable results obtained in exposed sites, and the anatomic difficulties sometimes encountered in covering a membrane completely, in some of these cases the membrane may be left only partially submerged. This approach will allow for tighter occlusal "seal" of the tooth-membrane interface and preservation of the keratinized gingiva.  相似文献   
3.
The authors studied the effectiveness of out-patient treatment by Moditen-Deppt of 128 schizophrenic patients. A comparison of the previous remissions appearing during usual pharmacotherapy and remissions seen during Moditen-Depot treatment depicted statistically significant differences, indicating a distinct prevention of exacerbations due to this preparation, an increase in the duration and improved quality of remissions. Such improved remissions were expressed in lesser severity, in a decrease of psychopathological disturbances, changes qualified as a "mollification of a defect" and an improvement of some socio-clinical indices.  相似文献   
4.
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta)-binding protein (ERAB)/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type II (HADH II) is expressed at high levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-affected brain, binds Abeta, and contributes to Abeta-induced cytotoxicity. Purified recombinant ERAB/HADH II catalyzed the NADH-dependent reduction of S-acetoacetyl-CoA with a Km of approximately 68 microM and a Vmax of approximately 430 micromol/min/mg. The contribution of ERAB/HADH II enzymatic activity to Abeta-mediated cellular dysfunction was studied by site-directed mutagenesis in the catalytic domain (Y168G/K172G). Although COS cells cotransfected to overexpress wild-type ERAB/HADH II and variant beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP(V717G)) showed DNA fragmentation, cotransfection with Y168G/K172G-altered ERAB and betaAPP(V717G) was without effect. We thus asked whether the enzyme might recognize alcohol substrates of which the aldehyde products could be cytotoxic; ERAB/HADH II catalyzed oxidation of a variety of simple alcohols (C2-C10) to their respective aldehydes in the presence of NAD+ and NAD-dependent oxidation of 17beta-estradiol. Addition of micromolar levels of synthetic Abeta(1-40) to purified ERAB/HADH II inhibited, in parallel, reduction of S-acetoacetyl-CoA (Ki approximately 1.6 microM), as well as oxidation of 17beta-estradiol (Ki approximately 3.2 microM) and (-)-2-octanol (Ki approximately 2.6 microM). Because micromolar levels of Abeta were required to inhibit ERAB/HADH II activity, whereas Abeta binding to ERAB/HADH II occurred at much lower concentrations (Km approximately 40-70 nM), the latter more closely simulating Abeta levels within cells, Abeta perturbation of ERAB/HADH II was likely to result from mechanisms other than the direct modulation of enzymatic activity. Cells cotransfected to overexpress ERAB/HADH II and betaAPP(V717G) generated malondialdehyde-protein and 4-hydroxynonenal-protein epitopes, which were detectable only at the lowest levels in cells overexpressing either ERAB/HADH II or betaAPP(V717G) alone. Generation of such toxic aldehydes was not observed in cells contransfected to overexpress Y168G/K172G-altered ERAB and betaAPP(V717G). We conclude that the generalized alcohol dehydrogenase activity of ERAB/HADH II is central to the cytotoxicity observed in an Abeta-rich environment.  相似文献   
5.
The mystery of the lack of a positive relationship between growth and urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa has been raised in a number of studies. A recent paper by Barrios et al. (Journal of Urban Economics 60:357–371, 2006) provides a compelling explanation for why this occurs. Exploiting a new data source, they show how climate change, specifically the reduction in rainfall, has driven people from the increasingly impoverished countryside to the city. They also show that while this is an important factor explaining urbanization in sub-Saharan African countries it does not affect urbanization elsewhere. Their explanation for this important difference is differences in the patterns of rainfall, as well as the composition of soil in most sub-Saharan countries. In a word, geographical factors have dominated the unusual pattern observed in the world’s most rapidly urbanizing continent. In this paper, we extend the work done by Barrios et al. to include more observations and more detailed geographic variables. We first replicate their results and extend the number of observations to more recent periods. Then we consider the effects of a range of specific country geographical characteristics, relying on data developed by other researchers. After discussing our results, we focus on the implications of our findings for policy formulation, particularly for sub-Saharan African countries. The results indicate that geographical circumstances place significantly more important constraints on maximization processes. In other words, urbanization in these countries takes place in a profoundly “second-best” world. We consider what this kind of context implies for the sequencing and implementation of economic reforms which would allow for an urbanization process that would be more conducive to economic growth.  相似文献   
6.
The effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on tissue α-tocopherol (α-Toc) levels and on the susceptibility of fresh, frozen and vacuum-packaged beef to lipid oxidation and colour deterioration were investigated. Friesian cattle were fed diets containing 20 (basal, n=5) or 2000 (supplemented, n=5) IU (α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed/day for approximately 50 days prior to slaughter. α-Toc levels were higher (p<0.05) in muscles from supplemented animals than from those on a basal diet. Significant differences in α-Toc levels were also observed between muscles from different treatment groups, the order of the supplemented group was: M. psoas major (PM)>M. longissimus dorsi (LD)>M. gluteus medius (GM) (p<0.05), and in the basal group the order was: PM>GM>LD (p<0.05). Supplemented fresh, frozen and vacuum packed beef showed greater colour and lipid oxidative stability than meat from the basal group after 7 days retail display at 4°C (p<0.05). Thus, dietary (α-Toc supplementation appeared to retard metmyoglobin and TBARS formation in LD, GM and PM and increased the colour shelf life of these muscles.  相似文献   
7.
Presently, there is interest in making medical devices such as expandable stents and intravascular microactuators from shape memory polymer (SMP). One of the key challenges in realizing SMP medical devices is the implementation of a safe and effective method of thermally actuating various device geometries in vivo. A novel scheme of actuation by Curie-thermoregulated inductive heating is presented. Prototype medical devices made from SMP loaded with nickel zinc ferrite ferromagnetic particles were actuated in air by applying an alternating magnetic field to induce heating. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was performed on both the particle-loaded and neat SMP materials to assess the impact of the ferrite particles on the mechanical properties of the samples. Calorimetry was used to quantify the rate of heat generation as a function of particle size and volumetric loading of ferrite particles in the SMP. These tests demonstrated the feasibility of SMP actuation by inductive heating. Rapid and uniform heating was achieved in complex device geometries and particle loading up to 10% volume content did not interfere with the shape recovery of the SMP.  相似文献   
8.
The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for grass dry matter intake (DMI), energy balance (EB), and cow internal digestibility (IDG) in grazing Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Grass DMI was estimated up to 4 times per lactation on 1,588 lactations from 755 cows on 2 research farms in southern Ireland. Simultaneously measured milk production and BW records were used to calculate EB. Cow IDG, measured as the ratio of feed and fecal concentrations of the natural odd carbon-chain n-alkane pentatriacontane, was available on 583 lactations from 238 cows. Random regression and multitrait animal models were used to estimate residual, additive genetic and permanent environmental (co)variances across lactations. Results were similar for both models. Heritability for DMI, EB, and IDG across lactation varied from 0.10 [8 days in milk (DIM)] to 0.30 (169 DIM), from 0.06 (29 DIM) to 0.29 (305 DIM), and from 0.08 (50 DIM) to 0.45 (305 DIM), respectively, when estimated using the random regression model. Genetic correlations within each trait tended to decrease as the interval between periods compared increased for DMI and EB, whereas the correlations with IDG in early lactation were weakest when measured midlactation. The lowest correlation between any 2 periods was 0.10, −0.36, and −0.04 for DMI, EB, and IDG, respectively, suggesting the effect of different genes at different stages of lactations. Eigenvalues and associated eigenfunctions of the additive genetic covariance matrix revealed considerable genetic variation among animals in the shape of the lactation profiles for DMI, EB, and IDG. Genetic parameters presented are the first estimates from dairy cows fed predominantly grazed grass and imply that genetic improvement in DMI, EB, and IDG in Holstein-Friesian cows fed predominantly grazed grass is possible.  相似文献   
9.
Fifty-six spring calving Holstein–Friesian dairy cows (body weight = 607 kg and body condition score = 2.75), destined for culling, were randomly assigned to one of four experimental treatments. Cows were confirmed non-pregnant by rectal palpation. The experiment was split into two periods: over-wintering period (OWP) and spring finishing period (SFP). Animals were assigned to one of four treatments: a control group (C) was slaughtered after am milking on day 0; three dietary treatments, two of which were dried pre-experiment; ad libitum grass silage (GS + G); 75% grass silage and 25% straw (GS + S); and one with the extended lactation concept applied, cows were offered grass silage plus 6 kg concentrate DM/cow/day and milked twice daily (EXTLAC). EXTLAC cows were dried-off 1 week prior to turnout. The OWP lasted 84 days. Subsequent to the OWP cows were turned out to pasture (SFP). All cows were finished to a pre-defined carcass specification; >272 kg cold carcass weight, P + carcass conformation class and 3 carcass fat class. Over the entire experimental period, average daily gain (ADG) was lower (P < 0.001) for the EXTLAC treatment compared with the two other dietary treatments. The GS + G treatment finished 33 and 38 days (P < 0.001) earlier than the GS + S and EXTLAC treatments, respectively. Total feed utilized on a DM basis was 1.9, 2.0 and 2.5 tonnes/cow for the GS + G, GS + S and EXTLAC dietary treatments, respectively. All finishing treatments resulted in a significant improvement in carcass weight, as well as carcass quality traits, compared to the C group. A significant improvement occurred in muscle redness between the C group and treatments offered a finishing period prior to slaughter.  相似文献   
10.
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