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1.
2.
A.S. Fraser 《Journal of Great Lakes research》1980,6(1):83-87
An apparent decrease in total phosphorus concentrations of approximately 4.l μgP/L has been reported recently for the spring values of 1977 and 1978 in Lake Ontario. Investigation of the loading reduction for this period independent of sedimentation factors can account for only 10% of the change. The results indicate that changes in the sedimentation rate of total phosphorus during this period offer an explanation for the majority of the change in concentration. 相似文献
3.
A new simultaneous synthesis approach for mass exchange networks (MENs) is presented. The technique is adapted from the interval based mixed integer non-linear program (MINLP) superstructure (IBMS) synthesis of heat exchanger networks (HENs). The superstructure interval boundary compositions are defined by the supply and target compositions of either the rich or lean set of streams. Each rich and lean stream in the superstructure has the potential of exchanging mass with streams of opposite kind in each interval based on mass transfer feasibility. The model harnesses the strengths of the stagewise superstructure and the pinch technology methods for mass exchange network synthesis (MENS). The IBMS approach simultaneously trades-off the capital and operating costs for MENs. The superstructure composition interval defining approach introduced in this paper enforces the mixing of split streams at equal compositions, hence there is no need to include mixing equations in the model. Fixing the interval boundaries helps to eliminate the complexities involved in initialisations, thus the region of search for the optimum solution is reduced. The IBMS model is applied to MENS problems involving continuous contact and staged columns. It is also extended to problems involving multiple mass separating agents (MSAs) and regeneration. The results obtained compare well with those in the literature. 相似文献
4.
5.
Heterochromatin effects on the frequency and duration of LCR-mediated gene transcription 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
E Milot J Strouboulis T Trimborn M Wijgerde E de Boer A Langeveld K Tan-Un W Vergeer N Yannoutsos F Grosveld P Fraser 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,87(1):105-114
Organ transplantation is associated with an early bone loss that subsequently increases the risk of osteopenia and bone fractures. It is not known whether bone loss continues in long-term survivors, but persistent bone demineralization could further jeopardize an already diminished bone mass. To better define long-term bone status of kidney transplant recipients (KTR), we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of bone mineral density (BMD) in 70 KTR with a mean posttransplantation time of 8.1 years. BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and was repeated in 55 of the patients after a mean follow-up period of 22 +/- 5 months. Lumbar and femoral osteopenia, defined as a BMD lower than 2 standard deviations from mean value of sex- and age-matched controls, was present in 28.6% and 10.5% of patients, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between cumulative prednisone dose and adjusted lumbar as well as femoral BMD (R = 0.45, P < 0.001 and R = 0.29, P < 0.05, respectively). Five patients had a vertebral BMD below a fracture threshold of 0.777 g/cm2. Vertebral fractures (VF) were found in four men and were associated with higher prednisone dosage (P < 0.05), larger cumulative prednisone dose (P < 0.05), and significantly lower BMD values. According to World Health Organization recent criteria for women, prevalences of lumbar and femoral osteopenia and lumbar and femoral osteoporosis in female patients reach 75%, 65%, 33%, and 10%, respectively. The longitudinal part of the study showed a persistent pathological lumbar demineralization process. Over the study period, BMD, expressed as a percentage of that of controls, decreased from 89 +/- 14% to 86 +/- 14% (P < 0.001). Annual change of bone mass was -1.7 +/- 2.8% per year. Accelerated vertebral bone loss (defined as a decrease of BMD, expressed as a percentage of that of controls, of more than 1% per year) was present in 56% of patients and was associated with higher prednisone dosage (P < 0.01). In conclusion, although VF are relatively infrequent in long-term survivors of renal transplantation, osteopenia is a frequent finding, and a substantial proportion of women present lumbar osteoporosis. An ongoing demineralization process of the spine is also demonstrated and probably contributes to long-term spinal osteoporosis incidence. Prednisone dosage remains the most constantly isolated risk factor. 相似文献
6.
Inertia-friction welding of SiC-reinforced 8009 aluminium 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
T. J. Lienert W. A. Baeslack III J. Ringnalda H. L. Fraser 《Journal of Materials Science》1996,31(8):2149-2157
Inertia-drive friction welding (IFRW) of an 8009 Al alloy (Al-8.5 Fe-1.7 Si-1.3 V, wt%) reinforced with 11 volume per cent SiC particles (8009/SiC/11p) has been investigated. Inertia-drive friction welds were made with constant energy at two levels of axial force. The microstructures of the base material and the welds were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, while the mechanical properties were evaluated using microhardness and tensile testing. Examination of weld sections revealed that the hot deformation experienced during welding produced a homogenized microstructure with a uniform distribution of SiC particles along the bond line. No evidence of a chemical reaction between the SiC and the matrix was found in any of the welds, but cracking of some of the larger SiC particles was observed in the base material as well as in the IFR welds. The average microhardness of the various heat-and-deformation affected zones (HDZs) of the welds did not vary greatly from that of the base material, and no weld induced weak regions were discerned. The room-temperature (RT) tensile strength of the IFR welds exceeded 90 per cent of the base material. The weld tensile specimens failed at the outer edge of the HDZ for all of the welds tested. The fracture surface of the 8009 matrix of tensile samples for both the base material and the welds exhibited a dimpled appearance indicating a ductile failure, while fracture through the SiC appeared to occur in a brittle fashion. IFRW has proven effective in joining 8009/SiC/11p with little loss in RT hardness and tensile properties. 相似文献
7.
S. Kar T. Searles E. Lee G. B. Viswanathan H. L. Fraser J. Tiley R. Banerjee 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2006,37(3):559-566
The development of a set of computational tools that permit microstructurally based predictions for the tensile properties
of commercially important titanium alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V, is a valuable step toward the accelerated maturation of materials.
This paper will discuss the development of neural network models based on a Bayesian framework to predict the yield and ultimate
tensile strengths of Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature. The development of such rules-based model requires the population of extensive
databases, which in the present case are microstructurally based. The steps involved in database development include producing
controlled variations of the microstructure using novel approaches to heat treatments, the use of standardized stereology
protocols to characterize and quantify microstructural features rapidly, and mechanical testing of the heat-treated specimens.
These databases have been used to train and test neural network models for prediction of tensile properties. In addition,
these models have been used to identify the influence of individual microstructural features on the tensile properties, consequently
guiding the efforts toward development of more robust mechanistically based models. Based on the neural network model, it
is possible to investigate the influence of individual microstructural features on the tensile properties, and in certain
cases these dependencies can point toward unrecognized phenomena. For example, the apparently unexpected trend of increase
in tensile strength with increasing prior β-grain size has led to the determination of the pronounced role of the basketweave microstructure in strengthening these alloys,
especially in case of larger prior β grains.
This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Computational Aspects of Mechanical Properties of Materials,”
which occurred at the 2005 TMS Annual Meeting, February 13–17, 2005, in San Francisco, CA, under the auspices of the MPMD-Computational
Materials Science & Engineering (Jt. ASM-MSCTS) Committee. 相似文献
8.
Reviews the research on psychosocial aspects of classroom environment by outlining economical, hand-scorable classroom environment instruments (i.e., Classroom Environment Scale, Individualized Classroom Environment Questionnaire, a class inventory developed by the present author and colleagues [1982]) and describing their past uses. Studies on the effects of classroom environment on student outcomes, use of environment variables as process criteria in evaluating educational innovations, and teachers' practical attempts to use learning environment assessments to guide improvements in classrooms are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
W.A. Baeslack III T.F. Broderick M. Juhas H.L. Fraser 《Materials Characterization》1994,33(4):357-367
Dissimilar-alloy welds have been produced between Ti---6Al---2Sn---Z4---2Mo---0.1Si (wt. %) and Ti---13.5Al---21.5 NB (wt.%) titanium aluminde using the three different solid-phase welding processes that create significantly different thermo-mechanical conditions at the weld interface. Exposure to supertransus temperatures, appreciable deformation and rapid cooling of the weld interface region during linear-friction welding promote dynamic recrystallization of beta grains and beta decomposition to fine martensitic products. In contrast, diffusion welding at temperatures below the base metal beta transus temperatures and at relatively low pressures minimizes deformation and microstructural variations in the weld interface region relative to the unaffected base metal. During capacitor-discharge resistance spot welding, extremely rapid heating of the weld interface region to near-solidus temperatures, and subsequent rapid cooling, result in the formation of a metastable, ordered-beta microstructure in the Ti---s13.5Al---21.6Nb and fine alpha-prime martensite in the Ti---6Al---2Sn---4Zr---2Mo-0.1Si. 相似文献
10.
The fatty acid compositions of total polar and total neutral lipids of Atlantic herring eggs and larvae were determined immediately
before fertilization, after fertilization and at various times during subsequent embryonic and early larval development. Within
3 hr after fertilization the percentage of total PUFA in neutral lipid decreased from 33% to 20%, with a reciprocal increase
in monoenes. Thereafter the percentage of PUFA in the neutral lipids increased progressively, attaining the original level
in ripe eggs by the time of yolk sac absorption. During the larval stages the percentage of PUFA continued to increase in
the neutral lipid, reaching almost 44% of the total by day 32 after fertilization, although it was reduced to 32% by day 36.
The percentage of monoenes in the neutral lipid displayed a progressive decrease during the whole period of development from
3 hr after fertilization. Throughout all the developmental periods the fatty acid composition of total polar lipids remained
essentially constant. The polar lipids of the yolk sac displayed virtually the same fatty acid composition as the larval bodies,
but the neutral lipids of the yolk sac were low in PUFA compared to the larval bodies. The results are discussed with reference
to changes in lipid class composition during development. The conservation of high levels of PUFA in lipids during embryogenesis
and early larval development reflects the importance of these fatty acids during development. 相似文献