Charge comparison protection of transmission lines-relayingconcepts

The authors describe the relaying concepts of charge comparison. Charge comparison is a new transmission line protection system. It is a form of current differential relaying. Charge comparison largely resolves the traditional problems of current differential relaying of transmission lines, which are that protection is lost if a channel fails, a large channel capacity is required, and precise channel delay compensation is required. This technique is suitable for the protection of two- or three-terminal AC transmission lines, of all lengths and voltage levels, with or without series of shunt compensation, with three-hole or single-pole tripping     

Modified CIELAB formula tested using a textile pass/fail data set

The proposed new color-difference formula of CIE TC 129, which is a modified version of CIELAB, was tested with a recently published data set of textile pass/fail judgments. Goodness of fit is improved, if the parameter of lightness is set near 2, and if, additionally, a weight function for lightness is defined that reduces the weight of a lightness difference with lightness level in relation to chroma or hue scaling. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Gezielte Nutzung biologischer Systeme

Directed exploitation of biological systems . During the past few decades, our knowledge of molecular process responsible for genetics has increased dramatically. Discovery of the giant molecule deoxyribonucleic acid – abbreviated as DNA – as the carrier of genetic information heralded in a development which nowadays permits us to effect directed changes in the genetic material of an organism. Thus we can provide easily cultured microorganisms with genes which were previously located in a completely different genetic environment. This helps us to obtain high yields of proteins or other substances which were formerly very difficult to obtain. Higher organisms such as animals and plants can also undergo modification of their genetic equipment. This adds a new dimension to the breeding of such species. Above all, genetic engineering provides new insights into the enormously complex interplay of molecules which go to make up a living cell. The resulting understanding of life processes on a molecular level permits recognition of malfunction and therapy of the ensuring disease by new drugs. In addition to these positive aspects, genetic engineering provides scope for conducting experiments whose ethical implications demand very earnest consideration.     

Regional patterns of affirmative action compliance costs

In this paper we estimate the amount by which firms' labor costs are increased by compliance with affirmative action regulations imposed on federal contractors for 160 SMSAs in 1980. The paper focuses on determining the cause(s) for variation in these compliance costs across SMSAs and in identifying areas of high and low compliance cost. We find that compliance costs are lower in larger SMSAs, more rapidly growing SMSAs, and SMSAs that have relatively large proportions of minorities and females in the labor market.The authors would like to thank Fred Wildes and Long Gen Ying, both of San Diego State University, for their assistance on this project. In addition, support for Prof. Getis' work was provided by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. SES-9123832.This paper was presented at the annual conference of the Western Regional Science Association in Tucson, Arizona.