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1.
2.
Towards a continuous microfluidic rheometer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Pierre Guillot Thomas Moulin Roman Kötitz Matthieu Guirardel Arash Dodge Mathieu Joanicot Annie Colin Charles-Henri Bruneau Thierry Colin 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2008,5(5):619-630
In a previous paper we presented a way to measure the rheological properties of complex fluids on a microfluidic chip (Guillot
et al., Langmuir 22:6438, 2006). The principle of our method is to use parallel flows between two immiscible fluids as a pressure
sensor. In fact, in a such flow, both fluids flow side by side and the size occupied by each fluid stream depends only on
both flow rates and on both viscosities. We use this property to measure the viscosity of one fluid knowing the viscosity
of the other one, both flow rates and the relative size of both streams in a cross-section. We showed that using a less viscous
fluid as a reference fluid allows to define a mean shear rate with a low standard deviation in the other fluid. This method
allows us to measure the flow curve of a fluid with less than 250 μL of fluid. In this paper we implement this principle in
a fully automated set up which controls the flow rate, analyzes the picture and calculates the mean shear rate and the viscosity
of the studied fluid. We present results obtained for Newtonian fluids and complex fluids using this set up and we compare
our data with cone and plate rheometer measurements. By adding a mixing stage in the fluidic network we show how this set
up can be used to characterize in a continuous way the evolution of the rheological properties as a function of the formulation
composition. We illustrate this by measuring the rheological curve of four formulations of polyethylene oxide solution with
only 1.3 mL of concentrated polyethylene oxide solution. This method could be very useful in screening processes where the
viscosity range and the behavior of the fluid to an applied stress must be evaluated. 相似文献
3.
Watrin-Pinzano A Ruaud JP Cheli Y Gonord P Grossin L Bettembourg-Brault I Gillet P Payan E Guillot G Netter P Loeuille D 《Magma (New York, N.Y.)》2004,17(3-6):219-228
To evaluate the ability of MR T2 mapping (8.5 T) to characterize ex vivo longitudinally, morphologically and quantitatively, alginate-based tissue engineering in a rat model of patellar cartilage chondral focal defect. Calibrated rat patellar cartilage defects (1.3 mm) were created at day 0 (D0) and alginate sponge with (Sp/C+) or without (Sp/C–) autologous chondrocytes were implanted. Animals were sacrificed sequentially at D20, D40 and D60 after surgery and dissected patellae underwent MRI exploration (8.5 T). T2 values were calculated from eight SE images by using nonlinear least-squares curve fitting on a pixel-by-pixel basis (constant repetition time of 1.5 s, eight different echo times: 5.5, 7.5, 10.5, 12.5, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0 and 30.0 ms). On the T2 map, acquired in a transversal plane through the repair zone, global T2 values and zonal variation of T2 values of repair tissue were evaluated versus control group and compared with macroscopic score and histological studies (toluidine blue, sirius red and hematoxylin-eosin). Partial, total and hypertrophic repair patterns were identified. At D40 and D60, Sp/C+ group was characterized by a higher proportion of total repair in comparison to Sp/C– group. At D60, the proportion of hypertrophic repair was two fold in Sp/C– group versus Sp/C+ group. As confirmed morphologically and histologically, the T2 map also permitted the distinction of three types of repair tissue: total, partial and hypertrophic. Total repair tissue was characterized by high T2 values versus normal cartilage (p<0.05). Zonal variation, reflecting the collagen network organization, appeared only at D60 for Sp/C+ group (p<0.05). Hypertrophic tissue, mainly observed at D60, presented high T2 global values without zonal variation with cartilage depth. These results confirm the potency of the MR T2 map (8.5 T) to characterize macroscopically and microscopically the patterns of the scaffold guided-tissue repair of a focal chondral lesion in the rat patella (total, partial and hypertrophic). On T2 map, three parameters (i.e. MRI macroscopic pattern, T2 global values and zonal variation of T2 values) permit to characterize chondral repair tissue, as a virtual biopsy. 相似文献
4.
P. D. Berger C. Bru Y. Baltagi T. Benyattou M. Berenguer G. Guillot X. Marcadet J. Nagle 《Microelectronics Journal》1995,26(8):827-833
Photoreflectance (PR) measurements were performed on specific structures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on different substrate orientations: 111B, 111B 2° off, 111A and 100. A strained In0.2Ga0.8As quantum well was grown in the space charge layer of an undoped GaAs layer. On a polar substrate orientation 111, the strain-induced piezoelectric field in the quantum well modifies the field in the space charge layer. PR spectra recorded in such structures exhibit Franz Keldysh oscillations from which we can measure the internal electric field. The piezoelectric field is then deduced from a comparison between two structures differing only by the presence of the strained quantum well. Experimental values ranged between 110 kV/cm and 150 kV/cm, and were used to determine experimentally the piezoelectric constant e14 in In0.2Ga0.8As. 相似文献
5.
Deep levels in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on SiC substrate are known to be responsible for trapping processes like: threshold voltage shift, leakage current, degradation current, kink effect and hysteresis effect. The related deep levels are directly characterized by conductance deep level transient spectroscopy (CDLTS) method. Hereby, we have detected five carrier traps with activation energy ranging from 0.84 to 0.07 eV. In this study, we have revealed the presence of two hole-like traps (HL1 and HL2) observed for the first time by CDLTS with activations energy of 0.40 and 0.84 eV. The localisation and the identification of these traps are presented. Finally, the correlation between the anomalies observed on output and defects is discussed. 相似文献
6.
Geneviève Tastevin Pierre-Jean Nacher Geneviève Guillot 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2000,121(5-6):773-778
We report on systematic low-field NMR measurements on room temperature
3
He gas imbibed into a 98% porous silica aerogel. Laser polarised helium is used to obtain large NMR signals at 0.1 T even for small amounts of gas. We use a multi-echo technique in a controlled magnetic field gradient to characterize spin diffusion. Measurements are carried out for pressures P ranging from 10 mbar to 1 bar (mean free path of free
3
He ranging from 19 to 0.19 m respectively). In a free gas, the damping rate 1/T
2
of the amplitude of the echoes is checked to be proportional to the known diffusion coefficient (T
2
P). Damping rates 2–5 times smaller than those in a free gas are measured within the aerogel. This reduction is quite significant at 1 bar, suggesting that
3
He-
3
He and
3
He-silica collisions occur with comparable frequencies at this density. However, a stong dependence of T
2
on P is still observed at low pressure, revealing a significant reduction of diffusion due to binary atomic collisions even for the lowest gas density. Measurements over such a large range of gas densities indirectely probe collisional effects over a wide range of sizes up to tens of m. In our sample, results are not consistent with a single geometrical mean free path for
3
He-silica collisions. 相似文献
7.
In this study, the effect of partial alcohol reduction in wine on consumer expectation and overall liking was investigated in real-life settings (by a Home-Use-Test). By varying the wine in the bottle and by manipulating the information on the label, it was possible to assess the relative impact of sensory properties and information cues on overall liking.Standard Chardonnay and Syrah wines were partially dealcoholized from about 13.5% to about 9.5%. After bottling, these dealcoholized wines were presented once with information about real alcohol content (9.5%) and once with false information about alcohol content (13.5%). A third bottle with standard wine inside was also presented with real information about alcohol content (13.5%). A group of 194 French wine consumers rated the three wines at home for liking before and after tasting on continuous hedonic scales. Another group of 90 French wine consumers evaluated the wines at the laboratory.The same order of preference was obtained in both laboratory and home conditions but wines generally attained significantly higher hedonic scores in Home-Use-Tests. A strong segmentation of consumers highlighted specific consumer behaviors regarding expectation and overall liking of wines. Results emphasized the importance of both sensory and information cues in the development of overall liking by consumers. 相似文献
8.
Guillot M. Le Gall H. Desvignes J.M. Artinian M. 《IEEE transactions on magnetics》1990,26(5):1352-1354
The authors report Faraday rotation (FR) measurements performed on single crystals of terbium-yttrium iron garnets at 1.15-μm wavelength for three terbium contents (1.98, 1.02, and 0.35) in the temperature range 6-300 K, under magnetic field up to 20 kOe applied along the [111] and [100] directions. The spontaneous FR (associated with the spontaneous magnetization) is isotropic while the FR susceptibilities are anisotropic at low temperature; this anisotropy originates mainly from spin reorientation transitions. To analyze the terbium contribution to FR, the Fe contribution to the YIG data is evaluated. The terbium electric dipole transition coefficient is found to consist in a linear temperature dependence in the temperature range 100-300 K as previously observed in pure TbIG 相似文献
9.
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NCDO763 accumulates glycine-betaine (betaine) when submitted to an osmotic stress with NaCl. Betaine transport activity increases with the extent of the osmotic upshock but also with growth temperature, and supplementation of the medium by Tween-80. Fatty acid analysis of the lipid fraction of L. lactis NCDO763 reveals significant modifications of the fatty acid composition of the membrane when cells are submitted to osmotic stress, high temperature or Tween-80 medium supplementation. The main modification in L. lactis membrane fatty acid composition in response to high osmolality is the increase of Cyclopropane Fatty Acid (CFA) deltaC19:0, whereas Unsaturated/Saturated ratio remains unchanged. 相似文献
10.
JL Lagrange JL Fischel S Galliani P Formento T Guillot M Bardon G Milano 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,(11):1531-1535
The objective of the present in vitro study was to determine an optimal timing of the irradiation in the combination cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil-folinic-acid (5-FU-FA) allowing a maximal cytotoxic effect on a human cell line derived from a head and neck carcinoma (CAL 27 cells). The various tested chemoradiotherapy sequences were applied in parallel to human keratinocytes in culture (SVK 14 cells). This was done in order to define the best sequence allowing the achievement of an optimal selectivity of the cytotoxic effects. The drug sequence was: CDDP over 2 h then fresh medium was added including the tandem 5-FU-d,I FA applied 6 h after CDDP, for 5 days. Irradiation was applied only once and at various times within the drug sequence. The cytotoxicity effects of the different chemoradiotherapy combinations were assessed by the MTT semi-automated test. The part taken by the 5-FU-FA combinations in the overall cytotoxicity was examined; an effect was apparent on CAL 27 cells only. The evolution of the radiation effect (RE = cell survival after drugs/cell survival after drugs plus irradiation) was analysed as a function of the different times of irradiation within the given drug sequence. Clearly, the RE values were dependent upon time at which the radiation dose in the chemoradiotherapy regimen was administered. For CAL 27 cells, irradiation effects were maximal at the first irradiation time tested after the end of the CDDP exposure (i.e. t = 3.5 h). In contrast, this optimal chemoradiotherapy timing for better cytotoxicity on CAL 27 cells did not correspond to that of SVK 14 cells. Consequently, it was possible to establish that the best time for the selectivity index was located shortly after the CDDP exposure. 相似文献