Use of recycled copper slag for blended cements

Copper slag is a by‐product generated during smelting to extract copper metal from the ore. The copper slag obtained may exhibit pozzolanic activity and may therefore be used in the manufacture of addition‐containing cements. In this paper the effect of the incorporation of the copper slag in cement is measured. Blends of copper slag with Portland cement generally possess properties equivalent to Portland cement containing fly ash, but very different to the silica fume incorporation. Copper slag and fly ash reduce the heat of hydration more effectively than silica fume in mortars. The replacement of 30% cement by copper slag reduces the flexural and compressive strength in a similar way to fly ash; however, after 28 days, the reduction is less than the percentage of substitution. Hydrated calcium aluminate phases were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The pozzolanic activity of copper slag is similar to that of fly ash and higher than silica fume. In the presence of low water/cement ratios, certain pozzolanic materials produce a very compact cement paste that limits the space available for hydration products, a determining factor in the formation of hydrated calcium aluminates. SEM was found to be a useful analytical technique when aluminates are formed and can be clearly detected by XRD. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Simulation of Temperature Distribution in Stored Wheat without Aeration

A neural-deterministic simulation model applied for calculating distributions of temperatures and moisture content in a bed of wheat stored in a steel silo without aeration is presented in the article. The model consists of differential equations of heat and moisture transfer, initial and boundary conditions, and three artificial neural networks used during simulated ambient air conditions. Experiments and computer simulations were carried out in order to determine temperature fields in wheat grain stored in a steel silo for two months. The computer simulations were carried using MATLAB and FEMLAB software. The difference between measured and simulated temperature in grain near the silo wall at a height of 2.5 m from the bottom was less than 3.0°C. On the basis of the analysis performed it was concluded that the temperature distributions obtained with the model were consistent with the measured results obtained for grain stored in a steel silo without aeration.     

A General Reliable Quadratic Form: An Extension of Affine Arithmetic

In this article, a new extension of affine arithmetic is introduced. This technique is based on a quadratic form named general quadratic form. We focus here on the computation of reliable bounds of a function over a hypercube by using this new tool. Some properties of first quadratic functions and then polynomial ones are reported. In order to show the efficiency of such a method, ten polynomial global optimization problems are presented and solved by using an interval branch-and-bound based algorithm. The work of the first author was also supported by the Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées CNRS–FRE 2570, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, France, and by the Laboratoire d'Electrotechnique et d'Electronique Industrielle CNRS–UMR5828, Group EM³, INPT–ENSEEIHT.     

Poly(p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene): a convenient precursor to p-hydroxystyrene resins

An efficient synthetic route to pure, high molecular weight poly(p-hydroxystyrene) is reported. The route involves synthesis of a new monomer, p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene, polymerization by radical initiation or by cationic initiation in liquid SO₂, followed by thermolysis or acidolysis of the tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group. Porous, crosslinked resin beads containing the nucleophilic, phenol pendant group have been prepared in a similar fashion from the precursor terpolymer of p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene, styrene and divinylbenzene. The utility of this resin for solid-phase synthesis has been demonstrated.     

Property Testing of Regular Tree Languages

We consider the edit distance with moves on the class of words and the class of ordered trees. We first exhibit a simple tester for the class of regular languages on words and generalize it to the class of ranked and unranked regular trees. We also show that this distance problem is -complete on ordered trees. A preliminary version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of 31st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, volume 3142 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 932–944, Springer, 2005. Work supported by ACI Sécurité Informatique: VERA of the French Ministry of research.     

Memory Management for Real-Time Java: An Efficient Solution using Hardware Support*

This paper addresses the issue of improving the performance of memory management for real-time Java applications, building upon the real-time specification for Java (RTSJ) from the Real-Time Java Expert Group. In a first step, a collecting dynamic memory solution including both a real-time garbage collector and region-based memory management, is proposed. A thorough analysis of the parameters influencing the performance of write barriers in memory management, together with ways of improvement are then presented. Finally, the implementation of a memory management solution compliant with the RTSJ and integrating the proposed improvements is sketched.     

Thermophysical Properties of Binary Mixtures of R125 + R143a in Comparison with a Simple Prediction Method

The thermal diffusivity and sound speed of binary refrigerant mixtures of R143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane) and R125 (pentafluoroethane) have been determined for both the saturated liquid and vapor phase using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Measurements were performed for four quite different mixture compositions over a wide temperature range from 293 to 345 K approaching the vapor-liquid critical point. The results obtained corroborate the usefulness of a simple prediction method for the determination of different thermophysical properties of multicomponent mixtures in the two-phase region up to the critical point. Besides the information on the properties for the pure components, the successful application of the prediction method is also based on an exact knowledge of the critical temperature. The composition dependence of the critical temperature has been determined by observation of the vanishing meniscus between liquid and vapor phases. The mixture results are discussed in detail and compared with available literature data.     

Identification and Validation of a Discrete Element Model for Concrete

The use of a three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) is proposed to study concrete structures submitted to dynamic loading. The aim of this paper is to validate the model first in the quasistatic domain, and second in dynamic compression, at the sample scale. A particular growing technique is used to set a densely packed assembly of arbitrarily sized spherical particles interacting together, representing concrete. An important difference from classical DEMs where only contact interactions are considered, is the use of an interaction range. First, the correct identification of parameters of the DEM model to simulate elastic and nonlinear deformation including damage and rupture is made through quasistatic uniaxial compression and tension tests. The influence of the packing is shown. The model produces a quantitative match of strength and deformation characteristics of concrete in terms of Young’s modulus, Poisson’s coefficient, and compressive and tensile strengths. Then, its validity is extended through dynamic tests. The simulations exhibit complex macroscopic behaviors of concrete, such as strain softening, fractures that arise from extensive microcracking throughout the assembly, and strain rate dependency.