An enhanced zone 3 algorithm of a distance relay using transient components and state diagram

Zone 3 of a distance relay is used to provide the remote backup protection in case of the failure of the primary protection. However, the risk of maloperation under stressed conditions such as heavy loading, voltage, and transient instability is quite high. Zone 3 is used in combination with the derivatives of the voltage and current, etc. to prevent maloperation. At times, the impedance characteristics that restrict the tripping area of relay are used to avoid maloperation due to load encroachment. This work presents a novel zone 3 scheme based on combining the steady-state components (i.e., 60 Hz) and the transient components (TCs) using a state diagram that visualizes the sequence of studies that emanate from the sequence of events. The simulation results show that the novel zone 3 distance relay elements using the proposed method operate correctly for the various events.     

Preparation of a sensor substrate using functionalized mesoporous silica on a gold film for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy

The use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy has been applied to a wide variety of fields such as biosensors and surface analysis instruments. In general, a SPR substrate is prepared using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) method of organic molecules as receptor for the target on a layer of gold or silver. However, mesoporous inorganic materials such as SBA-15 have benefits as sensor substrate for SPR. Mesoporous silica has a large surface area which receptor molecule can be attached and has a rigid body which has an excellent stability in the extreme condition compared to organic sensing layer. We prepared an organic modified mesoporous silica and successfully immobilized it on a gold surface, in an attempt to use as a substrate for SPR spectroscopy. For the comparison of sensitivity of prepared substrate, Pt²⁺ detection was selected as a model system. Substrate prepared in this study exhibited the capability of selective sensing for Pt²⁺ ions.     

Carbide Formation and Growth Kinetics Enhanced by Tensile Stress and Elevated Temperature Intergranular Cracking in 2.25Cr-1.5W Heat-Resistant Steels

The carbide growth kinetics enhanced in grain interiors is mainly due to the increased diffusivity in the direction normal to the tensile stress. The accelerated kinetics at the grain boundaries normal to the tensile stress is due to the increased grain boundary energy and the widened grain boundary path producing the increased diffusivity in the direction normal to the tensile stress. A strong segregation behavior of impurities to the grain boundary carbide interfaces follows the enhanced grain boundary carbide growth kinetics.     

Room-Temperature-Processable Highly Reliable Resistive Switching Memory with Reconfigurability for Neuromorphic Computing and Ultrasonic Tissue Classification

Reversible metal-filamentary mechanism has been widely investigated to design an analog resistive switching memory (RSM) for neuromorphic hardware-implementation. However, uncontrollable filament-formation, inducing its reliability issues, has been a fundamental challenge. Here, an analog RSM with 3D ion transport channels that can provide unprecedentedly high reliability and robustness is demonstrated. This architecture is realized by a laser-assisted photo-thermochemical process, compatible with the back-end-of-line process and even applicable to a flexible format. These superior characteristics also lead to the proposal of a practical adaptive learning rule for hardware neural networks that can significantly simplify the voltage pulse application methodology even with high computing accuracy. A neural network, which can perform the biological tissue classification task using the ultrasound signals, is designed, and the simulation results confirm that this practical adaptive learning rule is efficient enough to classify these weak and complicated signals with high accuracy (97%). Furthermore, the proposed RSM can work as a diffusive-memristor at the opposite voltage polarity, exhibiting extremely stable threshold switching characteristics. In this mode, several crucial operations in biological nervous systems, such as Ca²⁺ dynamics and nonlinear integrate-and-fire functions of neurons, are successfully emulated. This reconfigurability is also exceedingly beneficial for decreasing the complexity of systems—requiring both drift- and diffusive-memristors.     

Nonfullerene Electron Transporting Material Based on Naphthalene Diimide Small Molecule for Highly Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 20%

This study reports a new nonfullerene electron transporting material (ETM) based on naphthalene diimide (NDI) small molecules for use in high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These solar cells simultaneously achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 20% and long‐term stability. New NDI‐ID (N,N′‐Bis(1‐indanyl)naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic diimide) consisting of an N‐substituted indane group having simultaneous alicyclic and aromatic characteristics is synthesized by a low‐cost, one‐step reaction, and facile purification method. The partially flexible characteristics of an alicyclic cyclopentene group on indane groups open the possibility of low‐temperature solution processing. The conformational rigidity and aromaticity of phenyl and alicyclic groups contribute to high temporal stability by strong secondary bonds. NDI‐ID has herringbone packed semiconducting NDI cores that exhibit up to 0.2 cm² V^?1 s^?1 electron mobility in field effect transistors. The inverted PSCs based on CH(NH₂)₂PbI_3–xBr_x with NDI‐ID ETM exhibit very high PCEs of up to 20.2%, which is better than that of widely used PCBM (phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) ETM‐based PSCs. Moreover, NDI‐ID‐based PSCs exhibit very high long‐term temporal stability, retaining 90% of the initial PCE after 500 h at 100 °C with 1 sun illumination without encapsulation. Therefore, NDI‐ID is a promising ETM for highly efficient, stable PSCs.     

Activity-Sensitive Flip-Flop and Latch Selection for Reduced Energy

This paper presents new techniques to evaluate the energy and delay of flip-flop and latch designs and shows that no single existing design performs well across the wide range of operating regimes present in complex systems. We propose the use of a selection of flip-flop and latch designs, each tuned for different activation patterns and speed requirements. We illustrate our technique on a pipelined MIPS processor datapath running SPECint95 benchmarks, where we reduce total flip-flop and latch energy by over 60% without increasing cycle time.     

An improved deep submicrometer MOSFET RF nonlinear model with newbreakdown current model and drain-to-substrate nonlinear coupling

An improved deep submicrometer (0.25 μm) MOSFET radio-frequency (RF) large signal model that incorporates a new breakdown current model and drain-to-substrate nonlinear coupling was developed and investigated using various experiments. An accurate breakdown model is required for deep submicrometer MOSFETs due to their relatively low breakdown voltage. For the first time, this RF nonlinear model incorporates the breakdown voltage turnover trend into a continuously differentiable channel current model and a new nonlinear coupling circuit between the drain and the lossy substrate. The robustness of the model is verified with measured pulsed I-V, S-parameters, power characteristics, harmonic distortion, and intermodulation distortion levels at different input and output termination conditions, operating biases, and frequencies     

Power Allocation and Transmission Period Selection for Device-to-Device Communication as an Underlay to Cellular Networks

Efficient design of device-to-device (D2D) communication calls for D2D users to propose adaptive power allocation strategy and to establish reliable communication links while protecting the QoS of cellular communications. In this paper, we consider the D2D communication as an underlay to relay-assisted cellular networks. To maximize the ergodic capacity, we derive an optimal transmission power under an average power constraint. With the derived optimal transmission power, a transmission period selection strategy for D2D communication is firstly introduced to improve reliability. We derive the outage probability in closed forms and evaluate the ergodic capacity to show performances of the proposed system. Numerical results show that the D2D system can achieve high capacity gains by flexibly allocating transmission power based on channel state information and significantly enhance reliability by selecting a transmission period, while satisfying various QoS conditions for cellular communication.