Microenvironment of Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes: Opportunities for Liposome-Based Targeted Therapy

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently reported that the total number of global cancer cases in 2013 reached 14 million, a 10% rise since 2008, while the total number of cancer deaths reached 8.2 million, a 5.2% increase since 2008. Metastasis is the major cause of death from cancer, accounting for 90% of all cancer related deaths. Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN), the sentinel nodes, are the first organs of metastasis in several types of cancers. The extent of metastasis in the TDLN is often used in disease staging and prognosis evaluation in cancer patients. Here, we describe the microenvironment of the TDLN and review the recent literature on liposome-based therapies directed to immune cells within the TDLN with the intent to target cancer cells.     

MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XIV, (1) ROLE OF COBALT OXIDE IN METAL AND OXIDE PRECIPITATION DURING GROUND-COAT FIRING CYCLE AND (2) DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME INTERVALS OF PRECIPITATION*

The role of cobalt oxide in metal precipitation is explained on the basis of the influence of cobalt oxide on the reaction 4FeO ↔ Fe + Fe₃O₄. The temperature intervals during the firing cycle at which precipitation takes place and the relative rates of precipitation in ground coats of varying composition have been determined by a method of electrical conductivity at high temperatures.     

OPACIFYING EFFECT OF SOME FLUORIDES IN ENAMEL MILL ADDITIONS1

This paper describes the results of a study of the effect of barium fluoride and zinc fluoride on enamels when added in the mill. These fluorides were used with high silica, high borax, high lead oxide, and high antimony oxide enamels. The effect of these fluorides upon opacity and the creation of such defects as crawling and crazing are shown by triaxial diagrams and photographs.     

THE USE OF TRIBARIUM GUMINATE IN STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS*

Tribarium aluminate was used in brick and sewer pipe, both on laboratory and plant scale tests. It was found to be efficient both as a scum preventive and as a producer of better density and color.     

An accelerated stability test using the peroxide value as an index

Summary A quick stability test for lard is described which depends on the peroxide content for identification of the rancid point. By its use ordinary samples of lard can be evaluated for stability in a working day. Oleo oil also is being tested by this method. It is applicable to edible fats and oils and hydrogenated shortenings. Typical peroxide curves for various fats and oils are shown. The effect of copper in accelerating oxidative rancidity is discussed.     

超声波流量测量技术及发展

本文叙述了超声波流量测量的原理、基本测量方法以及传统的多普勒和时差法超声波流量计的缺陷和测量局限性，分析了超声波流量测量最新进展所采取的新的测量技术和方法，并介绍了超声波相关流量计的原理和技术特点．     

Towards 3D Bioprinted Spinal Cord Organoids

Three-dimensional (3D) cultures, so-called organoids, have emerged as an attractive tool for disease modeling and therapeutic innovations. Here, we aim to determine if boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BC) can survive and differentiate in gelatin-based 3D bioprinted bioink scaffolds in order to establish an enabling technology for the fabrication of spinal cord organoids on a chip. BC previously demonstrated the ability to support survival and differentiation of co-implanted or co-cultured cells and supported motor neuron survival in excitotoxically challenged spinal cord slice cultures. We tested different combinations of bioink and cross-linked material, analyzed the survival of BC on the surface and inside the scaffolds, and then tested if human iPSC-derived neural cells (motor neuron precursors and astrocytes) can be printed with the same protocol, which was developed for BC. We showed that this protocol is applicable for human cells. Neural differentiation was more prominent in the peripheral compared to central parts of the printed construct, presumably because of easier access to differentiation-promoting factors in the medium. These findings show that the gelatin-based and enzymatically cross-linked hydrogel is a suitable bioink for building a multicellular, bioprinted spinal cord organoid, but that further measures are still required to achieve uniform neural differentiation.     

Neutron threshold activation detectors (TAD) for the detection of fissions

Prompt fission neutrons are one of the strongest signatures of the fission process. Depending on the fission inducing radiation, their average number ranges from 2.5 to 4 neutrons per fission. They are more energetic and abundant, by about 2 orders of magnitude, than the delayed neutrons (≈3 vs. ≈0.01) that are commonly used as indicators for the presence of fissionable materials.The detection of fission prompt neutrons, however, has to be done in the presence of extremely intense probing radiation that stimulated them. During irradiation, the fission stimulation radiation, X-rays or neutrons, overwhelms the neutron detectors and temporarily incapacitate them. Consequently, by the time the detectors recover from the source radiation, fission prompt neutrons are no longer emitted. In order to measure the prompt fission signatures under these circumstances, special measures are usually taken with the detectors such as heavy shielding with collimation, use of inefficient geometries, high pulse height bias and gamma-neutron separation via pulse-shape discrimination with an appropriate organic scintillator. These attempts to shield the detector from the flash of radiation result in a major loss of sensitivity. It can lead to a complete inability to detect the fission prompt neutrons.In order to overcome the blinding induced background from the source radiation, the detection of prompt fission neutrons needs to occur long after the fission event and after the detector has fully recovered from the source overload. A new approach to achieve this is to detect the delayed activation induced by the fission neutrons. The approach demonstrates a good sensitivity in adverse overload situations (gamma and neutron “flash”) where fission prompt neutrons could normally not be detected.The new approach achieves the required temporal separation between the detection of prompt neutrons and the detector overload by the neutron activation of the detector material. The technique, called Threshold Activation Detection (TAD), is to utilize appropriate substances that can be selectively activated by the fission neutrons and not by the source radiation and then measure the radioactively decaying activation products (typically beta and gamma rays) well after the source pulse. The activation material should possess certain properties: a suitable half-life of the order of seconds; an energy threshold below which the numerous source neutrons will not activate it (e.g., 3 MeV); easily detectable activation products (typically >1 MeV beta and gamma rays) and have a usable cross-section for the selected reaction. Ideally the substance would be a part of the scintillator.There are several good material candidates for the TAD, including fluorine, which is a major constituent of available scintillators such as BaF₂, CaF₂ and hydrogen free liquid fluorocarbon. Thus the fluorine activation products, in particular the beta particles, can be measured with a very high efficiency in the detector.The principles, applications and experimental results obtained with the fluorine based TAD are discussed.