Dough mixing and breadmaking properties of quinoa-wheat flour blends

Flour blends of quinoa-wheat containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of manually dehulled quinoa meal or flour were evaluated for dough mixing and breadmaking properties and liking of the bread by a small panel. Increasing amounts of quinoa meal or flour increased farinograph absorption and dislike of bread for most of the panel. Dough development time increased with increase in meal but decreased with increase in quinoa flour. At 10% inclusion levels differences in liking from control 100% wheat flour bread were smaller for flour or water extracted meal to most of the panel, than with 10% non-extracted meal. This suggests that 10% inclusion of flour or water extracted meal may have potential for further investigation.     

Internet Voice, 'Cyberbypass', Competitive Efficiency

This paper considers the competitive issues raised by the continuingevolution of public switched telephone network development towardan open data network. Adopting a platform hierarchy set forthby the National Research Council, the paper agrees that somehigher level services may indeed reduce traditional telephonecompany revenues, but argues that it would be counterproductivefor regulators to devise bans or adjust prices if they could.Regulators faced with unbundling may ensure any necessary revenuerecovery through tariff rebalancing among facilities providerswhich provide competitive carriage through rebalancing strategiesthat remain competitively neutral. Suggested strategies includecost-based usage charges for data calls, fixed cost write-offsand increases in subscriber line charges.     

Clay-Particle Dispersion by Ultrasons

The dispersion of 1.0% kaolin suspensions in water was studied utilizing ultrasonic vibrational energy. The effect of time of exposure to ultra-sons was examined microscopically and turbidi-metrically by means of a spectrophotometer. Complete deagglomeration and dispersion were accomplished in 10 minutes of exposure to ultra-sons without any apparent deleterious effects on the primary particle size of the kaolin. The effects of two accepted methods of dispersion were compared with the ultrasonic method.     

The impact of status and audio conferencing technology on business meetings

This field study examining the effects of organizational status and multimedia audio communications technology on communication patterns in business meetings confirms that high status group members verbally dominate discussions and have more control over the flow of the proceedings. However, it reveals a new and surprising finding: multimedia communications technology can in fact exaggerate status constraints in contrast to findings that there is no effect or an equalizing effect on status inequalities of text-based conferencing technology. It appears that in audio conferences, the lack of non-verbal cues that can aid turn-taking combined with (1) the participants' knowledge of the group's status hierarchy and (2) the tendency to compare oneself unfavourably to those of higher status, makes it more difficult for lower status individuals to contribute verbally to discussions than in face-to-face interactions. Such status constraints may have both positive and negative impacts on group communication effectiveness, these and implications for the design and implementation of multimedia communications technology are discussed.     

Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Lead Ferrite

Unoriented lead ferrite specimens were prepared by calcining and sintering techniques. Specimens having an initial composition of Pb0.5Fe₂O₃ had the best permanent magnet properties (for nondoped material). The effects of small amounts of added oxides on the microstructure and magnetic properties were also determined. Silica and boria were most effective in raising the (B_aH^a)_max to over 1.4 × 10⁶ G.Oe as compared to 0.9 to 1.1 × 10⁵ G.Oe for commercial un oriented barium ferrite magnets. Optical and electron microscopy revealed that silica and boria form low melting phases as the specimens are sintered, which, acting as fluxes (probably by a solution-precipitation mechanism), enhance the densification of the magnets, thereby raising the B_r, and (B_aH_a)_max, values. On cooling, these nonmagnetic low-melting phases are retained at the ferrite grain boundaries where they inhibit domain wall motion which would otherwise lead to a reduction in coercive force. Although these magnets are termed "un oriented" to distinguish them from "oriented" ferrites which are purposely aligned before sintering, a slight orientation is imparted to the polycrystalline compact during the pressing operation before sintering. The silica and boria additions increase the degree of orientation by accelerating the rate of densification. The increase in orientation accounts for part of the increase in B_r, and (B_a, H_a)_max.     

In Vitro Fermentabilities of Purified Fiber Supplements

Six commonly used dietary fiber supplements (pectin, tragacanth gum, psyllium gum, guar gum, soy fiber and cellulose) were fermented in vitro with human fecal microbiota for 4, 8,12, and 24 hr. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), hydrogen and methane productions, and neutral-detergent fiber digestibility differed significantly with fiber source. The most rapid fermentation rate was with pectin followed by psyllium gum, tragacanth gum, guar gum, soy fiber, and finally cellulose. Such differences in fermentability should be considered when food products are formulated. Dietary fiber source and intake may also affect breath hydrogen measurements and estimates of available carbohydrate malabsorption.     

The power transfer and frequency detuning in a gyrotron

A rigorous small-signal theory of the power transfer and the associated complex frequency shift of a gyrotron oscillator is developed. Experimental results taken from a 28 GHz gyrotron operating in the TE₀₂ mode, (measurements made at UKAEA, Culham Laboratory) and theoretical results on the frequency detuning are compared. It is seen that the frequency detuning increases as the frequency of the electric field approaches that of the cyclotron frequency. The imaginary component of the theoretical complex frequency detuning is shown to indicate the region of operation of the device and this is also compared with that obtained experimentally.     

Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and Phenolic Compounds on Horseradish Peroxidase-Catalyzed Decolorization of Betalain Pigments

The effect of hydrogen peroxide and phenolic compounds on the decolorization of betanin and a betaxanthin preparation by horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) was examined. Betanin was decolorized at a greater rate than the betaxanthm pigments and both reactions were H₂O²-dependent. Betaxanthin was more prone to oxidatic decolorization than betanin. 2,4-Dichlorophenol, resorcinol and o-toluidine stimulated the decolorization of both pigments. Guaiacol enhanced the peroxidatic decolorization of both pigments to a small extent, but inhibited the oxidatic breakdown of betaxanthin. Possible implications of these results are discussed.     

Caffeine Inhibition of Sterigmatocystin, Citrinin, and Patulin Production

Microbiological medium was used to study the effect of caffeine on sterigmatocystin, citrinin, and patulin production by Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium urticae, respectively. Caffeine inhibited the growth of the three fungal species and decreased sterigmatocystin and patulin production. The effect on citrinin production appeared to be limited to a delay in toxin synthesis. A preliminary examination of P. urticae suggested that caffeine's anti-mycotoxigenic activity does not involve a generalized inhibition of lipid synthesis.