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排序方式: 共有156条查询结果,搜索用时 73 毫秒
1.
Requirements engineering (RE) offers the means to discover, model, and manage the requirements of the products that comprise a product line, while software product line engineering (SPLE) offers the means of realizing the products’ requirements from a common base of software assets. In practice, however, RE and SPLE have proven to be less complementary than they should. While some RE techniques, particularly goal modeling, support the exploration of alternative solutions, the appropriate solution is typically conditional on context and a large product line may have many product-defining contexts. Thus, scalability and traceability through into product line features are key challenges for RE. Feature modeling, by contrast, has been widely accepted as a way of modeling commonality and variability of products of a product line that may be very complex. In this paper, we propose a goal-driven feature modeling approach that separates a feature space in terms of problem space and solution space features, and establish explicit mappings between them. This approach contributes to reducing the inherent complexity of a mixed-view feature model, deriving key engineering drivers for developing core assets of a product line, and facilitating the quality-based product configuration. 相似文献
2.
Steinicke F Bruder G Kuhl S Willemsen P Lappe M Hinrichs KH 《IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics》2011,17(7):888-899
The display units integrated in today's head-mounted displays (HMDs) provide only a limited field of view (FOV) to the virtual world. In order to present an undistorted view to the virtual environment (VE), the perspective projection used to render the VE has to be adjusted to the limitations caused by the HMD characteristics. In particular, the geometric field of view (GFOV), which defines the virtual aperture angle used for rendering of the 3D scene, is set up according to the display field of view (DFOV). A discrepancy between these two fields of view distorts the geometry of the VE in a way that either minifies or magnifies the imagery displayed to the user. It has been shown that this distortion has the potential to affect a user's perception of the virtual space, sense of presence, and performance on visual search tasks. In this paper, we analyze the user's perception of a VE displayed in a HMD, which is rendered with different GFOVs. We introduce a psychophysical calibration method to determine the HMD's actual field of view, which may vary from the nominal values specified by the manufacturer. Furthermore, we conducted two experiments to identify perspective projections for HMDs, which are identified as natural by subjects--even if these perspectives deviate from the perspectives that are inherently defined by the DFOV. In the first experiment, subjects had to adjust the GFOV for a rendered virtual laboratory such that their perception of the virtual replica matched the perception of the real laboratory, which they saw before the virtual one. In the second experiment, we displayed the same virtual laboratory, but restricted the viewing condition in the real world to simulate the limited viewing condition in a HMD environment. We found that subjects evaluate a GFOV as natural when it is larger than the actual DFOV of the HMD--in some cases up to 50 percent--even when subjects viewed the real space with a limited field of view. 相似文献
3.
A review of the various models of New Product Development (NPD) process shows that although different approaches have been proposed, they are in fact all variants on a linear theme: some may include feedback loops, but they all essentially advocate that certain steps precede, or are preceded by, others. An inevitable consequence on the Internet/World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is that such models are no longer applicable. Based on the lessons learned from the development of a new financial service offered via the Internet, we show how such assumptions of linearity need no longer be a constraint. In addition, innovativeness is not related to firm size. But the fact that the Web allows for the real-time development of new financial services based on on-going feedback from potential and current customers raises a new set of managerial issues that have to be tackled. The objective of this paper is to use the context of the recent launch of an innovative financial service product via the Web to explore the managerial changes that are starting to affect the banking industry. 相似文献
4.
Carlos Zúñiga Espinoza Anura P. Rathnayake Momtanu Chakraborty Sindhuja Sankaran Pete Jacoby 《International journal of remote sensing》2013,34(23):8818-8836
ABSTRACTThis study investigates the applicability of ground-based 3D time-of-flight (ToF) imaging and small unmanned aerial system (UAS) integrated multispectral imaging as a rapid grapevine canopy vigour mapping tool for decision support during crop production management. Direct root-zone deficit irrigation was applied to grapevines with continuous and pulse irrigation techniques at 15%, 30%, and 60% rates as that of standard irrigation rate (100%) established by the grower in a commercial production. The control block was irrigated continuously at 100% standard irrigation rate. Field plots were imaged using ground platform integrated with 3D ToF imaging sensor and small UAS-integrated multispectral camera at 128 and 65 days before the harvest to estimate the canopy vigour variability associated with irrigation treatments. Customized as well as standard methods (convex hull and voxel grid) were utilized to extract canopy attributes (e.g. volume) from the 3D ToF imaging sensor data. The multispectral images were processed to extract normalized and green normalized difference vegetation index images. Resulting data were used to estimate canopy area ratio i.e. the ratio between the grapevine canopy area with respect to the total area in selected region of interest. A significant correlation (r = 0.34) between canopy volume estimated by customized algorithm and aerial canopy area ratio was observed. Custom canopy volume estimates were also highly correlated (r = 0.79) with voxel grid derived canopy volume data. Overall, 60% continuous direct root zone deficit irrigation appeared to produce canopy volume/vigour comparable with those under control treatment. Results also suggest that grower can utilize either or both (ground and aerial) grapevine canopy mapping techniques for effective management. 相似文献
5.
Developing solar power generating resources on dormant, suspect property is an evolving activity, growing in popularity. 相似文献
6.
Michael P. Schmitt Sergei P. Stepanoff Amarendra K. Rai Pete E. Lauer Ryan W. Spangler Douglas E. Wolfe 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2022,105(6):4435-4448
The impact of calcium–magnesium–alumino-silicate (CMAS) degradation is a critical factor for development of new thermal and environmental barrier coatings. Several methods of preventing damage have been explored in the literature, with formation of an infiltration inhibiting reaction layer generally given the most attention. Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) exemplifies this reaction with the rapid precipitation of apatite when in contact with CMAS. The present study compares the CMAS behavior of GZO to an alternative thermal barrier coating (TBC) material, GdAlO3 (GAP), which possesses high temperature phase stability through its melting point as well as a significantly higher toughness compared with GZO. The UCSB laboratory CMAS (35CaO–10MgO–7Al2O3–48SiO2) was utilized to explore equilibrium behavior with 50:50 mol% TBC:CMAS ratios at 1200, 1300, and 1400°C for various times. In addition, 8 and 35 mg/cm2 CMAS surface exposures were performed at 1425°C on dense pellets of each material to evaluate the infiltration and reaction in a more dynamic test. In the equilibrium tests, it was found that GAP appears to dissolve slower than GZO while producing an equivalent or higher amount of pore blocking apatite. In addition, GAP induces the intrinsic crystallization of the CMAS into a gehlenite phase, due in part to the participation of the Al2O3 from GAP. In surface exposures, GAP experienced a substantially thinner reaction zone compared with GZO after 10 h (87 ± 10 vs. 138 ± 4 μm) and a lack of strong sensitivity to CMAS loading when tested at 35 mg/cm2 after 10 h (85 ± 13 versus 246 ± 10 μm). The smaller reaction zone, loading agnostic behavior, and intrinsic crystallization of the glass suggest this material warrants further evaluation as a potential CMAS barrier and inclusion into composite TBCs. 相似文献
7.
Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Pete Smith Keith W. Goulding Keith A. Smith David S. Powlson Jo U. Smith Pete Falloon Kevin Coleman 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2001,60(1-3):237-252
The possibility that the carbon sink in agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political significance since
the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December 1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by demonstrable
removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural soils
(Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO2levels may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The European Union is committed to a reduction in CO2 emissions to 92% of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period (2008–2012). We have shown recently that there
are a number of agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to increase the carbon sink in agricultural
soils and others that allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil fuel substitution), but the options
differ greatly in their potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a) switching all animal manure use to
arable land, (b) applying all sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal straw, (d) conversion to
no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop production (through use
of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g) use of surplus
arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO2) effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane
and nitrous oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems. We find that the relative importance of trace
gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production
scenarios, the inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (<10%) difference to the CO2-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification scenarios,
trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or more than doubling the CO2-C mitigation potential. The scenarios showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those in which manure
management changes significantly. In the one scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was reduced greatly,
a small increase in methane oxidation was outweighed by a sharp increase in N2O emissions. When these land-management options are combined to examine the whole agricultural land area of Europe, most of
the changes in mitigation potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation
potential either increases by about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario from
just above the EU's 8% Kyoto emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y−1) to just below it. Our results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation potential of a land management
option significantly and should always be considered alongside CO2-C mitigation potentials and (b) agricultural management options show considerable potential for carbon mitigation even after
accounting for trace gas fluxes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
David Petti John Maki John Hunn Pete Pappano Charles Barnes John Saurwein Scott Nagley Jim Kendall Richard Hobbins 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2010,62(9):62-66
The high outlet temperatures and high thermal-energy conversion efficiency of modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) enable an efficient and cost-effective integration of the reactor system with non-electricity-generation applications, such as process heat and/or hydrogen production, for the many petrochemical and other industrial processes that require temperatures between 300°C and 900°C. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has selected the HTGR concept for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Project as a transformative application of nuclear energy that will demonstrate emissions-free nuclear-assisted electricity, process heat, and hydrogen production, thereby reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and enhancing energy security. The objective of the DOE Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification program is to qualify tristructural isotropic (TRISO)-coated particle fuel for use in HTGRs. An overview of the program and recent progress is presented. 相似文献
9.
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