Comment and discussion on digital processing of PD pulses

Some of the more salient aspects of the digital processing technology of PD signals are examined. Most of the efforts in this field are concentrated on the application of digital analyzers for pulse height analysis, pattern recognition and identification of the physical phenomena. It is demonstrated that errors in the signal processing unit can lead to dominant mistakes in the interpretation of the test results     

Introduction

Concluding remarks With this brief exposition of the areas covered in this special double issue on Eurotra, we shall now conclude our introduction. We hope that the volume will achieve its goals, as outlined above, at least to some extent. Certainly, much more could be said about a wide range of topics which have been covered in the lifetime or the project so far. For instance, these article, mainly written by linguists, deliberately neglect the software implementation and environment aspects of the prototype Eurotra Translation System, as well as a number of peripheral tools and components of the system that are available to the user, such as lexical data bases, text-handling mechanisms and the like. The reader interested in aspects of this kind is referred to Raw et al. 1989 for a very brief introduction, and to the Eurotra software team at the Commission of the European Communities (DG XIII, Luxembourg) for more details. However, one goal that we do hope to come close to achieving is to give a fair overview of the Eurotra linguistic theory of translation and the mainstream and sideline formalisms expressing variant versions of it. If we have come anywhere near achieving that, our gratitude is due to the numerous Eurotra colleagues who have supported us in preparing this volume, and to the editor of this journal.     

Study of the beta -delayed neutron decay of 18N

The shortage of suitable liver donors for children has motivated the use of ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) grafts for transplantation in urgent situations. However, survival after ABO-I liver grafts has been reported at about 30% as compared with 80% in cases of ABO-identical or -compatible liver grafts. This difference has been attributed to antibody-mediated, hyperacute or chronic liver rejection, due to preformed ABO antibodies (alloantibodies). In this study, we report our results with ABO-I livers in children without alloantibodies at the time of transplantation. From January 1988 to June 1993, 143 OLT were performed in 122 children. Eight children received 8 ABO-I liver grafts. Of these, 7 patients were included in the study. All 7 were alloantibody free before OLT. Five children were spontaneously alloantibody free, while in 2 children, the plasma alloantibodies were eliminated before and after transplantation using intravenous infusion of specific blood group antigens of the donor blood group (soluble antigens). Immunosuppression consisted of a triple-drug treatment combining CsA, AZA, and steroids. The follow-up period was between 10 and 48 months. One child died from a surgical complication. Six children survived, but 1 died 10 months later from intestinal obstruction. There were no graft losses and no episodes of hyperacute or chronic rejection. The graft and patient survival rate was 71%. There was a 28% incidence of rejection, but all were mild (requiring steroid boluses only). Our results suggest that the absence of ABO alloantibodies at the time of and after transplantation can protect ABO-I liver grafts against antibody-mediated rejection, whether hyperacute or chronic, and that soluble antigens are effective in eliminating alloantibodies in children.     

Neutron Scattering and Ordering of Nuclear Spins

The ordering of nuclear spins takes place at extremely low temperatures because of the weakness of the interactions between their magnetic moments. Neutron scattering is the traditional and unique method to study the collective ordering of magnetic moments. The combination of the problem (nuclear spin ordering) and the method (neutron scattering) leads to new insight into the many body behaviour of the nuclear spin system and into some of the long standing general questions of the cooperative behaviour of magnetic systems. We describe neutron scattering studies on the nuclear spin systems in Cu and Ag at nano- and subnanokelvin temperatures as an example of a very successful international collaboration based on the work performed at the Low Temperature Laboratory, in the Helsinki University of Technology in Otaniemi. The collaboration was initiated by Olli V. Lounasmaa.     

Copper and zinc removal from roof runoff: from research to full-scale adsorber systems.

Large, uncoated copper and zinc roofs cause environmental problems if their runoff is infiltrated into the underground or discharged into receiving waters. Since source control is not always feasible, barrier systems for efficient copper and zinc removal are recommended in Switzerland. During the last few years, research carried out in order to test the performance of GIH-calcite adsorber filters as a barrier system. Adsorption and mass transport processes were assessed and described in a mathematical model. However, this model is not suitable for practical design, because it does not give explicit access to design parameters such as adsorber diameter and adsorber bed depth. Therefore, for e.g. engineers, an easy to use design guideline for GIH-calcite adsorber systems was developed, mainly based on the mathematical model. The core of this guideline is the design of the depth of the GIH-calcite adsorber layer. The depth is calculated by adding up the GIH depth for sorption equilibrium and the depth for the mass transfer zone (MTZ). Additionally, the arrangement of other adsorber system components such as particle separation and retention volume was considered in the guideline. Investigations of a full-scale adsorber confirm the successful application of this newly developed design guideline for the application of GIH-calcite adsorber systems in practice.     

Hydroformylierung einfach und mehrfach ungesättigter Fettstoffe mit heterogenisierten Cobaltcarbonyl- und R

Hydroformylation of mono and multiple unsaturated fatty substances with heterogenized cobaltcarbonyl and rhodiumcarbonyl catalysts. Heterogenized cobalt and rhodiumcarbonyl catalyst systems can be used for the hydroformylation of mono and polyunsatured fatty substances in a technically simple and satisfying manner to useful chemical intermediates. The used solid tert. phosphane complex ligands have a silicate matrix and therefore they are also suitable for the cobalt catalyzed hydroformylation which is best performed at temperatures of 160–180^oC. The cobalt catalyzed reaction gives with polyunsaturated fatty substances almost only products with monofunctionalized fatty acid chains. Whereas, the rhodium catalyzed reaction gives with linolic acid compounds inhomogeneous mixtures of mono- and diformyl derivatives of these fatty substances. The heterogenized rhodium carbonyl catalyst systems therefore seem to be more suitable for the hydroformylation of monounsaturated compounds. This is also true for rhodiumcarbonylsupported aqueous phase-catalysts which give likewise mixtures of mono and diformyl derivatives in the hydroformylation of polyunsaturated fatty substances. In batch process after the complete conversion of the olefin and reduction of the CO/H₂-pressure the loss of catalyst metal from the support is negligible and in most cases below the detection limit (<1 ppm).     

Frequency and etiology of calf losses and calf diseases before weaning in cow-calf farms. II. Microbiological and parasitological diagnoses in diarrheic calves]

Diarrhea is the most frequently diagnosed disease in Swiss cow-calf farms. During an longitudinal study conducted in 105 cow-calf farms in Switzerland in 1993-95, blood and fecal samples were collected from diarrheic calves and from calves that died because of diarrhea. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 42%, E. coli (VTEC) in 32%, rotavirus in 33%, coronavirus in 13%, coccidia in 43% and helminths in 8% of the cases. In some samples Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated. The BVD-virus antigen was not detected in any of the calves examined. In most cases concurrent infection with several enteropathogens was diagnosed. Specific causes of diarrhea were therefore difficult to establish. The bacteriological findings of this study have implication for food safety: VTEC, Campylobacter spp. Yersinia spp. and cryptosporidia are considered as potential causes on zoonoses.     

Religious Participation, Interleukin-6, and Mortality in Older Adults.

This study prospectively examined the relationship between religious attendance, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and mortality rates in a community-based sample of 557 older adults. Attending religious services more than once weekly was a significant predictor of lower subsequent 12-year mortality and elevated IL-6 levels (> 3.19 pg/mL), with a mortality ratio of .32 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15,0.72; p