Performance of energy-aware and link-adaptive routing metrics for ultra wideband sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are energy constrained since sensors operate with limited battery capacity. Thus, energy consumption is one of the most critical issues in the design of routing protocols. In addition, the link quality needs to be taken into account in the route decision for a wireless multihop network in order to efficiently exploit the inherent spatial diversity. In this paper we consider energy-aware and link-adaptive routing strategies for UWB (Ultra Wide Band) sensor networks. We utilize the ranging capabilities offered by UWB and employ adaptive modulation to take advantage of favorable link conditions. Different routing metrics are proposed based on the availability of sensor node’s location, link quality and next hop battery capacity information. These routing metrics integrate the measure of next hop remaining battery capacity with the throughput performance measures, Maximum Forward Progress (MFP) or Maximum Information Progress (MIP). The effectiveness of these metrics is evaluated in different simulation scenarios in terms of network throughput and lifetime for both random and grid sensor network topologies. Jinghao Xuis a D.Sc. candidate of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the George Washington University. He received his B.Sc. and M.S. degrees in telecommunication and electrical engineering from the Tianjin University, China, in 1993 and 1996, respectively. From 1996 to 2001, he was with Research Institute of Telecommunication Transmission of Ministry of Information Industry, Beijing, China, and China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group, where he was involved in the standardization of IMT-2000 communication systems for China. His research interests include performance evaluation and modeling of wireless ad hoc networks, Ultra Wide Band systems and multiuser detection techniques. Bojan M. Peric received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro in 2001. He is currently working toward the D.Sc. degree in electrical engineering at the George Washington University, Washington, DC. His research interests include wireless communications, with an emphasis on ad hoc networks. Branimir R. Vojcic is a professor in, and a past Chairman of, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the George Washington University. He has received his Dipl. Ing., M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees from the University of Belgrade in Serbia and Montenegro in 1980, 1986 and 1989, respectively. His current research interests are in the areas of communication theory, performance evaluation and modeling mobile and wireless networks, mobile internet, code division multiple access, multiuser detection, adaptive antenna arrays, space-time coding and ad-hoc networks. He has also been an industry consultant and has published and lectured extensively in these areas. He co-authored the book: The cdma2000 System for Mobile Communications. Dr Vojcic received NSF CAREER Award in 1995. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, was an Associate Editor for IEEE Communications Letters and is presently an Associate Editor for Journal on Communications and Networks.     

A novel local thresholding algorithm for trabecular bone volume fraction mapping in the limited spatial resolution regime of in vivo MRI

Recent advances in micro-magnetic resonance imaging have shown the possibility of in vivo assessment of trabecular bone architecture. However, the small feature size and relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achievable in vivo cause the intensity histogram to be unimodal. The critical first step in the processing of these images is the extraction of bone volume fraction for each voxel. Here, we propose a local threshold algorithm (LTA) that determines the marrow intensity value in the neighborhood of each voxel based on nearest-neighbor statistics. Using the local marrow intensities we threshold the image and scale the intensities of voxels partially occupied by bone to produce a marrow volume fraction map of the trabecular bone region. We show that structural parameters derived with the LTA are highly correlated with those obtained with the previously published histogram deconvolution algorithm (HDA) and that the LTA is robust to image noise corruption. The LTA is found to correctly identify trabeculae with a significantly higher reliability than HDA. Finally, we demonstrate that the LTA is superior in preserving connectivity by showing for 75 in vivo images that the genus of the trabecular bone surface is always higher than when processed with the HDA.     

Analysis of Common-Mode Voltage in Utility-Interactive Fuel Cell Power Conditioners

Fuel cell stacks produce a dc output with a 2:1 voltage variation from no load to full load. It is customary for a utility-scale fuel cell stack to consist of several hundreds of series-connected cells, each producing 0.6 V at full load. A power conditioner consisting of dc-dc and dc-ac converters is required for utility interface, which are operated in high frequency, employing pulsewidth-modulation control for voltage and current regulation. Due to their switch-mode nature, a common-mode voltage with respect to ground is generated. The common-mode voltage, in turn, contributes to the circulating ground current, which can interfere with the ground fault protection system. In addition, it also contributes to the neutral shift and electromagnetic interference. Moreover, the electrostatic potential to ground within the fuel cell stack needs to be limited for safe operation. This paper presents an analysis of common-mode voltage in several fuel-cell-powered converter topologies connected to the electric utility and discusses several mitigation methods suitable for utility-scale generation.     

Increasing the Robustness of Boosting Algorithms within the Linear-programming Framework

AdaBoost has been successfully used in many signal classification systems. However, it has been observed that on highly noisy data AdaBoost easily leads to overfitting, which seriously constrains its applicability. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a new regularized boosting algorithm LP_norm2-AdaBoost (LPNA). This algorithm arises from a close connection between AdaBoost and linear programming. In the algorithm, skewness of the data distribution is controlled during the training to prevent outliers from spoiling decision boundaries. To this end, a smooth convex penalty function (l ₂ norm) is introduced in the objective function of a minimax problem. A stabilized column generation technique is used to transform the optimization problem into a simple linear programming problem. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through experiments on many diverse datasets.     

Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of polyaniline thin film and polyaniline powder

The polyaniline thin film electrode and powder have been synthesized on graphite electrodes from 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution under galvanostatic conditions. The water insoluble and acetone soluble polyaniline mass fractions of the powder, as well as the polymerization efficiency, based on the emeraldine salt have been determined. The morphology of the obtained emeraldine salt powder has been investigated by the optical microscopy.     

Evaluation of a Novel Plasmid for Simultaneous Gene Electrotransfer-Mediated Silencing of CD105 and CD146 in Combination with Irradiation

Targeting tumor vasculature through specific endothelial cell markers represents a promising approach for cancer treatment. Here our aim was to construct an antibiotic resistance gene-free plasmid encoding shRNAs to simultaneously target two endothelial cell markers, CD105 and CD146, and to test its functionality and therapeutic potential in vitro when delivered by gene electrotransfer (GET) and combined with irradiation (IR). Functionality of the plasmid was evaluated by determining the silencing of the targeted genes using qRT-PCR. Antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects were determined by the cytotoxicity assay tube formation assay and wound healing assay in murine endothelial cells 2H-11. The functionality of the plasmid construct was also evaluated in malignant melanoma tumor cell line B16F10. Additionally, potential activation of immune response was measured by induction of DNA sensor STING and proinflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR in endothelial cells 2H-11. We demonstrated that the plasmid construction was successful and can efficiently silence the expression of the two targeted genes. As a consequence of silencing, reduced migration rate and angiogenic potential was confirmed in 2H-11 endothelial cells. Furthermore, induction of DNA sensor STING and proinflammatory cytokines were determined, which could add to the therapeutic effectiveness when used in vivo. To conclude, we successfully constructed a novel plasmid DNA with two shRNAs, which holds a great promise for further in vivo testing.     

Thermal utilisation of solar energy : Croatian National Energy Program SUNEN, 1998 – 2010

In the paper, thermal use of solar energy as well as prospects and problems of its utilisation in Croatia have been given. The National Solar Energy Program, SUNEN, has been established to stimulate the usage of solar energy. The main goals of the program are the assessment of technical and economically viable solar potential in order to define real objectives and tasks to provide use of exploitable indigenous clean and renewable energy potential. The Program addresses benefits, the most promising solar applications and solar potential. Much attention has been given to identification of obstacles and barriers in the process of solar technology dissemination. SUNEN is an initiative to increase solar energy use and to become more compatible with the present renewable energy sources policy in EU and Mediterranean countries. The program proposes twelve different types of thermal solar energy systems, which could be multiplied up to 28 000 installations until the year 2010 with annual heat recovery of approximately 1,5 TWh (5,4 PJ).     

A class of non-canonic,driving-point immittance realizations of passive,common-ground,transformerless, two-element-kind RLC networks

A new class of non-canonic, driving-point immittance realizations of passive, common-ground, transformerless, two-element-kind RLC networks with minimum number of nodes is presented. Six new algorithms of realization are developed by application of canonic, orthogonal matrix transformations with reduced number of degrees of freedom. the number of applied RLC elements of one kind can be minimized and of the other kind reduced, while their parameter values are calculated directly in a linear way.     

北京奥运安全倒计时

奥运会网络会运行三大系统：计时计分系统（Timing＆Scoring）、信息发布系统（IDS）以及运动会管理系统（GMS）。