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1.
The Intellectual Development of Science and Engineering Students. Part 2: Teaching to Promote Growth
As college students experience the challenges of their classes and extracurricular activities, they undergo a developmental progression in which they gradually relinquish their belief in the certainty of knowledge and the omniscience of authorities and take increasing responsibility for their own learning. At the highest developmental level normally seen in college students (which few attain before graduation), they display attitudes and thinking patterns resembling those of expert scientists and engineers, including habitually and skillfully gathering and analyzing evidence to support their judgments. This paper proposes an instructional model designed to provide a suitable balance of challenge and support to advance students to that level. The model components are (1) variety and choice of learning tasks; (2) explicit communication and explanation of expectations; (3) modeling, practice, and constructive feedback on high‐level tasks; (4) a student‐centered instructional environment; and (5) respect for students at all levels of development. 相似文献
2.
In its policy rationale for evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP), the APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (see record 2006-05893-001) claims to have constituted itself with "scientists and practitioners from a wide range of perspectives and traditions, reflecting the diverse perspectives within the field" (p. 273). We applaud this attention to diversity but contend that an entire perspective of the debate was omitted in the Task Force's newly approved policy and its underlying report. The failure to consider a philosophy of science perspective led the Task Force to make a number of epistemological assumptions that are not based on evidence or rationale and that thus violate the very spirit of evidence-based decision making. In this comment, we reveal a few of these assumptions and discuss their detrimental consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
R. Elliott and M. M. Wexler (see record 1994-27938-001) have introduced the Session Impacts Scale (SIS), and W. B. Stiles et al (see record 1994-27969-001) have undertaken a new factor analysis of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) with a British sample of clients. These 2 measures of session-level psychotherapy effects have great potential as research tools. In this comment on the 2 articles, issues of retest reliability, the connection of session-level measures to research strategies based on other units of analyses, and suggested uses of the SIS and the SEQ are discussed. The importance of context-sensitive session impact research and of a comprehensive theory relating session impacts to therapy outcome is also stressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
This article quantifies errors arising from various integration methods and from sampling density in the numerical estimation of colorimetric integrals, e.g., tristimulus values. Both data sampling density and various numerical integration method errors will be distinguished. A test is presented to quantify sampling interval requirements for accurate colorimetric calculations for various illuminants. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
5.
Judge Timothy A.; Jackson Christine L.; Shaw John C.; Scott Brent A.; Rich Bruce L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,92(1):107
The present study estimated the unique contribution of self-efficacy to work-related performance controlling for personality (the Big 5 traits), intelligence or general mental ability, and job or task experience. Results, based on a meta-analysis of the relevant literatures, revealed that overall, across all studies and moderator conditions, the contribution of self-efficacy relative to purportedly more distal variables is relatively small. Within moderator categories, there were several cases in which self-efficacy made unique contributions to work-related performance. For example, self-efficacy predicted performance in jobs or tasks of low complexity but not those of medium or high complexity, and self-efficacy predicted performance for task but not job performance. Overall, results suggest that the predictive validity of self-efficacy is attenuated in the presence of individual differences, though this attenuation does depend on the context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
Crossing topical, analytical, and theoretical boundaries can lead us to more nuanced and satisfying histories of computing, while also providing fresh insights about computing in the contemporary context. 相似文献
7.
J Kaufman B Birmaher D Brent U Rao C Flynn P Moreci D Williamson N Ryan 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,36(7):980-988
OBJECTIVE: To describe the psychometric properties of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) interview, which surveys additional disorders not assessed in prior K-SADS, contains improved probes and anchor points, includes diagnosis-specific impairment ratings, generates DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses, and divides symptoms surveyed into a screening interview and five diagnostic supplements. METHOD: Subjects were 55 psychiatric outpatients and 11 normal controls (aged 7 through 17 years). Both parents and children were used as informants. Concurrent validity of the screen criteria and the K-SADS-PL diagnoses was assessed against standard self-report scales. Interrater (n = 15) and test-retest (n = 20) reliability data were also collected (mean retest interval: 18 days; range: 2 to 36 days). RESULTS: Rating scale data support the concurrent validity of screens and K-SADS-PL diagnoses. Interrater agreement in scoring screens and diagnoses was high (range: 93% to 100%). Test-retest reliability kappa coefficients were in the excellent range for present and/or lifetime diagnoses of major depression, any bipolar, generalized anxiety, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder (.77 to 1.00) and in the good range for present diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (.63 to .67). CONCLUSION: Results suggest the K-SADS-PL generates reliable and valid child psychiatric diagnoses. 相似文献
8.
Factor Graph Modeling of Rigid‐body Dynamics for Localization,Mapping, and Parameter Estimation of a Spinning Object in Space 下载免费PDF全文
This paper presents a new approach for solving the simultaneous localization and mapping problem for inspecting an unknown and uncooperative object that is spinning about an arbitrary axis in space. This approach probabilistically models the six degree‐of‐freedom rigid‐body dynamics in a factor graph formulation. Using the incremental smoothing and mapping system, this method estimates a feature‐based map of the target object, as well as this object's position, orientation, linear velocity, angular velocity, center of mass, principal axes, and ratios of inertia. This solves an important problem for spacecraft proximity operations. Additionally, it provides a generic framework for incorporating rigid‐body dynamics that may be applied to a number of other terrestrial‐based applications. To evaluate this approach, the Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) were used as a testbed within the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. The SPHERES satellites, using body‐mounted stereo cameras, captured a dataset of a target object that was spinning at ten rotations per minute about its unstable, intermediate axis. This dataset was used to experimentally evaluate the approach described in this paper, and it showed that it was able to estimate a geometric map and the position, orientation, linear and angular velocities, center of mass, and ratios of inertia of the target object. 相似文献
9.
Chaoqing Yu Alan M. MacEachren Donna J. Peuquet Brent Yarnal 《Environmental Modelling & Software》2009,24(12):1501-1512
Recent natural disasters indicate that modern technologies for environmental monitoring, modeling, and forecasting are not well integrated with cross-level social responses in many hazard-management systems. This research addresses this problem through a Java-based multi-agent prototype system, GeoAgent-based Knowledge System (GeoAgentKS). This system allows: (1) computer representation of institutional regulations and behavioral rules used by multiple social institutions and individuals in cross-level human–environment interactions, (2) integration of this representation with scientific modeling of dynamic hazard development, and (3) application of automated reasoning that suggests to users the appropriate actions for supporting cooperative social responses. This paper demonstrates the software architecture of GeoAgentKS and presents such an integrated approach by modeling the drought management processes in Central Pennsylvania, USA. The results show that it is possible to use GeoAgentKS to represent multilevel human–environment interactions and to use those interactions as input to decision making in hazard management. 相似文献
10.
The frequent and volatile unavailability of volunteer-based Grid computing resources challenges Grid schedulers to make effective
job placements. The manner in which host resources become unavailable will have different effects on different jobs, depending
on their runtime and their ability to be checkpointed or replicated. A multi-state availability model can help improve scheduling
performance by capturing the various ways a resource may be available or unavailable to the Grid. This paper uses a multi-state
model and analyzes a machine availability trace in terms of that model. Several prediction techniques then forecast resource
transitions into the model’s states. We analyze the accuracy of our predictors, which outperform existing approaches. We also
propose and study several classes of schedulers that utilize the predictions, and a method for combining scheduling factors.
We characterize the inherent tradeoff between job makespan and the number of evictions due to failure, and demonstrate how
our schedulers can navigate this tradeoff under various scenarios. Lastly, we propose job replication techniques, which our
schedulers utilize to replicate those jobs that are most likely to fail. Our replication strategies outperform others, as
measured by improved makespan and fewer redundant operations. In particular, we define a new metric for replication efficiency,
and demonstrate that our multi-state availability predictor can provide information that allows our schedulers to be more
efficient than others that blindly replicate all jobs or some static percentage of jobs. 相似文献