Afterburner [network-independent card for protocols]

Many current implementations of protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are inefficient because data are often accessed more frequently than necessary. Three techniques that reduce the need for memory bandwidth are proposed. The techniques are copy-on-write, page remapping, and single-copy. Afterburner, a network-independent card that provides the services that are necessary for a single-copy protocol stack, is described. The card has 1 MByte of local buffers and provides a simple interface to a variety of network link adapters, including HIPPI and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). Afterburner can support transfers to and from the link adapter card at rates up to 1 Gbit/s. An implementation of TCP/IP that uses the features provided by Afterburner to reduce the movement of data to a single copy is discussed. Measurements of the end-to-end performance of Afterburner and the single-copy implementation of TCP/IP are presented     

Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: response latencies

Minimum onset latency (Lmin) of single- and multiple-unit responses were mapped in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Contralateral Lmin for multiple units was non-homogeneously distributed along the dorso-ventral/isofrequency axis of the AI. Responses with shorter latencies were more often located in the central, more sharply tuned region while longer latencies were more frequently encountered in the dorsal and ventral portions of the AI. For single units, a large scatter of Lmin values was found throughout the extent of the AI including cortical depth. The relationship between Lmin and previously reported spectral, intensity and temporal parameters was analyzed and revealed statistically significant correlations between minimum onset latency and the following response properties in some but not all studied animals: sharpness of tuning of a frequency response area 10 dB above threshold, broadband transient response, strongest response level, monotonicity of rate/level functions, dynamic range, and preferred frequency modulation sweep direction. This analysis suggests that Lmin is determined by several independent factors and that the prediction of Lmin based on relationships with other spectral and temporal response properties is inherently weak. The spatial distribution and the functional relationship between these response parameters may provide an important aspect of the time-based cortical representation of specific features in the animal's natural environment.     

Effects of a behavioural rhythm on conception probability and pregnancy outcome

This paper concerns a behaviour-driven weekday rhythm in conception rates in a large natural human population. From 1978 to 1991, North Carolina normal live single births arose from menstrual cycles which began on Monday in clear excess over other weekdays. Cycles beginning on Friday were also in excess. Cycles starting on Saturday and Sunday, or Wednesday and Thursday, each represented significantly less than one in seven of weekly totals. The source of the observed synchrony was a Sunday morning peak of coital frequency. Average cycles which began on Monday had their most fertile day on the most likely day for intercourse, translating a weekly insemination rhythm into a weekly conception rate rhythm. The secondary conception peak in Friday-onset cycles increased with age, to become the major peak for mothers aged > 30 years. We interpret this to represent a previously unreported second type of cycle with a modal follicular phase length of 10 days, the frequency of which increases with age. Several large groups of anomalous human births depart significantly from the weekday rhythm of normal conceptions. These outcomes parallel results of experimental interference with fertilization timing in estruative mammals. We believe that this implicates anomalous fertilization timing in several of the most numerous anomalies of human prenatal development.     

The influence of nicotine pretreatment on mesoaccumbens dopamine overflow and locomotor responses to D-amphetamine

In this retrospective cephalometric study of mandibular rotational change, we studied 60 cases. All patients were treated with full fixed appliances and exhibited an opening rotation of at least 1.5 degrees during treatment, as measured on the basis of the angle of the Y-axis to the sella-nasion line (SN). Our objective was to determine whether this opening rotation was sustained during retention. Paired t tests were used to test the hypothesis that the treatment change or opening rotation was stable and that these patients did not return to their original mandible-to-cranium relationship in the posttreatment period. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine which (if any) changes in the independent variables during treatment could predict the subsequent behavior of the angle of the mandibular plane to the SN and the angle of the Y-axis to the SN during retention. During treatment, the mean increase in the angle of the Y-axis to the SN was 2.43 degrees. After an average posttreatment period of 54 months, this angle was reduced on average by only 0.73 degrees. Stepwise linear-regression analysis indicated that none of the treatment changes seen in the independent variables strongly predicted the ensuing closing rotation seen during retention. The correlation coefficient between the Y-axis angle and the mandibular-plane angle during treatment was 0.67. Mandibular opening rotations as a consequence of orthodontic treatment do not invariably return to the pretreatment value, and their negative effects--although sometimes small--cannot be discounted. Because the preponderant evidence of a closing rotation occurs in the terminal pubertal growth stages, the net effect may be even more significant.     

Metastatic pulmonary artery sarcoma. Report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of 3 to 12 months of age learned and retrieved less information than normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), although no difference was found with animals from 18 and 24 months of age. The combined influence of hypertension and aging had an additive detrimental effect on cognitive functions. Notwithstanding these deficiencies in learning and memory, SHR have seldom been used as a model in the screening of drugs with therapeutic potential for treatment of disorders of cognitive processes. Moreover, the calcium channel blocker nimodipine has beneficial effects on learning in both aged and hypertensive animals and humans. However, no attempt has been made to investigate whether nimodipine can reverse the additive deleterious effects of aging and hypertension in the same subject. We recently reported that deteriorated animals (middle-aged and/or hypertensive) chronically treated with nimodipine (via osmotic minipumps) exhibit higher learning scores. This information indicates that nimodipine can reverse the impairing effects of either aging or hypertension on learning; the presence of the two conditions, however, produces a severe impairment that can be partially reversed by this drug. Therefore, we propose that mature and middle-aged SHR represent a model for the screening of potentially useful drugs in the treatment of learning disorders, probably associated with hypertension and/or aging. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that the SHR is a genetic model and the appearance of neural disturbances could be a parallel genetic phenomenon and not necessarily or exclusively related to hypertension per se.     

Renal proliferative and phenotypic changes in rats with two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension

Previous research in this laboratory has shown that preweaning and postweaning juvenile meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, can acquire a spatial task, the Morris water-maze task. The present study examined the influence of age of juvenile acquisition ("before weaning" (BW; Day 10 and 15 after birth) and "after weaning" (AW; Day 20 and 25 after birth)) of a spatial task on subsequent re-acquisition of the same hidden-platform spatial water-maze task. This study also compared sex differences and litter sex-ratio effects on reacquisition performance. Fifteen litters of adults were re-tested in the same water maze 6 weeks after being initially tested as juveniles. All analyses were conducted using a covariate that removed the group differences in the original task performance. Adult voles from female-biased litters, that had previously learned the task at an older juvenile age (AW), reacquired the same task faster than adults that had previously learned the task at a younger juvenile age (BW). In the adult BW group there was also a significant litter sex-ratio effect such that voles born into a female-biased litter re-acquired the task more slowly than did voles born into a male-biased litter. There were no significant sex or litter sex-ratio effects on spatial learning in the AW group. These results show that adult meadow voles can require a spatial task more quickly if they initially learned the task at an older juvenile age, suggestive of a period of infantile amnesia. In addition, these results indicate that the litter sex-ratio can affect adult spatial performance, suggesting that the relative amount of androgens in utero may influence the development of sexually-dimorphic spatial ability in adulthood.