Children's temperament: intervention for parents

Using the goodness-of-fit theoretical framework, an intervention study designed to help parents assess and understand the implications of their child's temperament is described. Examples of temperament strategies designed to be consistent with the child's needs are included.     

Noncontact knee dislocation in a female basketball player: a case report

Knee ligamentous injuries occur during sport, and when there is extensive injury, they can be associated with subluxation or dislocation. We present the case of a female basketball player who sustained a knee dislocation during noncontact play. An immediate angiogram confirmed vascular integrity, and surgical treatment with ligamentous reconstruction was performed. Peroneal nerve injury was present but resolved in 42 weeks. A review of the literature discussing knee dislocation is presented.     

The Mighty Mitochondria Are Unifying Organelles and Metabolic Hubs in Multiple Organs of Obesity,Insulin Resistance,Metabolic Syndrome,and Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Ultrastructure Study

Mitochondria (Mt) are essential cellular organelles for the production of energy and thermogenesis. Mt also serve a host of functions in addition to energy production, which include cell signaling, metabolism, cell death, and aging. Due to the central role of Mt in metabolism as metabolic hubs, there has been renewed interest in how Mt impact metabolic pathways and multiple pathologies. This review shares multiple observational ultrastructural findings in multiple cells and organs to depict aberrant mitochondrial (aMt) remodeling in pre-clinical rodent models. Further, it is intended to show how remodeling of Mt are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Specifically, Mt remodeling in hypertensive and insulin-resistant lean models (Ren2 rat models), lean mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, obesity models including diet-induced obesity, genetic leptin-deficient ob/ob, and leptin receptor-deficient db/db diabetic mice are examined. Indeed, aMt dysfunction and damage have been implicated in multiple pathogenic diseases. Manipulation of Mt such as the induction of Mt biogenesis coupled with improvement of mitophagy machinery may be helpful to remove leaky damaged aMt in order to prevent the complications associated with the generation of superoxide-derived reactive oxygen species and the subsequent reactive species interactome. A better understanding of Mt remodeling may help to unlock many of the mysteries in obesity, insulin resistance, MetS, T2DM, and the associated complications of diabetic end-organ disease.     

An IEEE 1149.1 Compliant Test Control Architecture

This paper deals with a design methodology and associated architecture to support the control of on-chip DFT and BIST hardware. The work is general in that it supports numerous test methods, such as partial and full scan, multiple and reconfigurable scan chains, and both test per clock BIST and scan BIST. The results presented here are compatible with the IEEE 1149.1 boundary scan architecture. The work is based on a hierarchical control methodology that includes systems, PCBs and MCMs. Various options for assigning control functions to be on-chip or off-chip are described. A new, partially distributed test control architecture is introduced that includes an internal test bus and distributed local controllers. There are three main modes of control of test resources, namely local static control, dynamic control and global static control. We show how the control mechanism can be implemented together with the IEEE 1149.1 test protocol. The synthesis of the on-chip test control hardware has been automated in a system called CONSYST.     

An optimal scheduling algorithm for testing interconnect using boundary scan

Systems will soon be built with ICs that conform with the IEEE 1149.1 boundary scan architecture. Due to the hierarchical nature of such systems, they may contain many boundary scan chains. These chains can be used to test the system, subsystem, and board interconnect. To reduce test time, the application of test vectors to these scan chains must be carefully scheduled. This article deals with problems related to finding an optimal schedule for testing interconnect. This problem is modeled using a directed graph. The following results are obtained: (1) upper and lower bounds on interconnect test time; (2) necessary and sufficient conditions for obtaining an optimal schedule when the graph is acyclic; (3) sufficient condition for obtaining an optimal schedule when the graph is cyclic; and (4) an algorithm for constructing an optimal schedule for any graph.This work was supported by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and monitored by the Office of Naval Research under contract No. N00014-87-K-0861. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the U.S. Government.     

Test Generation for Crosstalk-Induced Faults: Framework and Computational Results

Due to technology scaling and increasing clock frequency, problems due to noise effects lead to an increase in design/debugging efforts and a decrease in circuit performance. This paper addresses the problem of efficiently and accurately generating two-vector tests for crosstalk induced effects, such as pulses, signal speedup and slowdown, in digital combinational circuits. These noise effects can propagate through a circuit and create a logic error in a latch or at a primary output. We have developed a mixed-signal test generator, called XGEN, that incorporates classical static values as well as dynamic signals such as transitions and pulses, and timing information such as signal arrival times, rise/fall times, and gate delay. In this paper we first discuss the general framework of the test generation algorithm followed by computational results. Comparison of results with SPICE simulations confirms the accuracy of this approach.     

Modelling strategies for the incorporation and correction of optical effects in EUVL

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is a leading candidate for the 22 nm node lithography and beyond. However, there are still some critical problems before EUVL may be deployed in high-volume manufacturing. One of the critical problems is to estimate the EUVL aerial image formation for optical proximity correction (OPC) in order to compensate for EUVL effects such as shadowing and flare. This study discusses aerial image formation through modeling of optical transfer function to assimilate optical diffraction, long range layout dependent flare effects, and shadowing effects due to non-telecentric imaging optics in the EUV case. Hence, after optimizing optical process parameters to model the EUV aerial image, this study will investigate OPC modeling methods employed to compensate these optical effects in the mask design flow.     

Real-time PCR detection and quantification of nine potential sources of fecal contamination by analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b targets

We designed and tested real-time PCR probe/primer sets to detect and quantify Cytochrome b sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from nine vertebrate species of pet (dog), farm (cow, chicken, sheep, horse, pig), wildlife (Canada goose, white-tailed deer), and human. Linear ranges of the assays were from 10(1) to 10(8) copies/microl. To formally test the performance of the assays, twenty blinded fecal suspension samples were analyzed by real-time PCR to identify the source of the feces. Sixteen of the twenty samples were correctly and unambiguously identified. Average sensitivity was calculated to be 0.850, while average specificity was found to be 0.994. One beef cow sample was not detected, but mtDNA from 11 other beef cattle of both sexes and varying physiological states was found in concentrations similar (3.45 x 10(7) copies/g) to thatfound in human feces (1.1 x 10(7) copies/g). Thus, environmental conditions and sample handling are probably important factors for successful detection of fecal mtDNA. When sewage samples were analyzed, only human mtDNA (7.2 x 10(4) copies/ 100 mL) was detected. With a detection threshold of 250 copies/reaction, an efficient concentration and purification method resulted in a final detection limit for human feces of 1.8 mg/ 100 mL water.     

Potassium Lactate and Fresh-Pork-Sausage Formulation Effects on Shelf Life in Lighted and Unlighted Display

ABSTRACT:  The objective was to examine the effects of potassium lactate (KL) and raw-meat blend on the shelf-life of fresh-pork-sausage patties in lighted and unlighted display. Four fresh-pork-sausage blends (70% prerigor meat, 30% fresh-pork trim; 80%/20%; 90%/10%; and 100%/0%) were formulated ( n = 3) with 0% and 3% KL, and patties were displayed for 10 d at 4 °C in lighted display or for 7 d in unlighted display followed by 3 d in lighted display. Patties with KL had lower aerobic plate counts (APC), more stable color (greater a* and chroma, less visual discoloration), and less lipid oxidation ( P < 0.05) during display than did patties without KL. Patties in the light for 10 d were more discolored and had more lipid oxidation ( P < 0.05) than those in the dark for 7 d followed by the light for 3 d. Patties with KL in the light for 10 d had similar color ( P > 0.05) to patties without KL that were in the dark for the first 7 d. Adding KL resulted in similar color stability ( P > 0.05) among patties made from 80, 90, and 100% prerigor meat and greater color stability ( P < 0.05) than similarly formulated patties without KL. By using 3% KL, fresh-pork-sausage patty color stability was maximized, APC and lipid oxidation were minimized, and formulation costs can be decreased by using less-expensive fresh-pork trim for up to 20% of the blend. Adding KL also minimized the effects of display lighting on myoglobin and lipid oxidation.