Die Mikroflora des Sauerteiges

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Untersuchungen angestellt über die Mikroflora von 26 Weizensauerteigen für die Panettone- und Weizenbrotherstellung aus Bäckereien in Italien, der Schweiz, Deutschland und Schweden. Die Sauerteige wurden teils mit einem Spontansauer angestellt, teils mit einem reifen Weizensauer (masa madre), der bereits über längere Zeit fortgeführt wurde. Die Mikroflora der Sauerteige (pH 4,4 bis 3,8, Säuregrad 6,3 bis 22,4) setzte sich aus 2,5 × 10⁵ bis 3 × 10⁹ Lactobacillun/g und 1 × 10³ bis 4,5 × 10⁷ Hefen/g zusammen. Es wurden insgesamt 388 Isolate gewonnen und als Vertreter der GattungLactobacillus identifiziert. In Weizensauerteigen, die mit einem Spontansauer angestellt wurden, traten vornehmlich homofermentativeLactobacillus-Species auf (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. farciminis, L. homohiochii), nebenL. brevis, L. hildegardii und einigen anderen heterofermentativen Spezies. Die Sauerteigbakterien des mit einem masa madre angestellten Weizensauerteig erwiesen sich insbesondere alsLactobacillus brevis ssp.lindneri resp.L. sanfrancisco, nebenL. brevis, L. hildegardii undL. viridescens. Daneben kamen in den Weizensauerteigen zu mehr oder minder hohen AnteilenStreptococcus spp. vor. Bei den im Weizensauerteig auftretenden Hefen handelt es sich umSaccharomyces cerevisiae, nebenS. servazzi undCandida milleri.

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The microflora of sourdoughXXII. Communication: The lactobacillus species of wheat sourdough

Summary We investigated the microflora of 26 wheat sourdoughs which are used for the production of panettone and wheat bread in bakeries in Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Sweden. The sourdoughs were started in part with a ripe wheat sour (masa madre) which had been propagated for a long time. The microflora of the wheat sourdough (pH 4.4 to 3.8; acidity 6.3 to 22.4) consisted of 2 × 10⁵ to 3 × 10⁹ lactobacilli/g and 1 × 10³ to 4.5 to 10⁷ yeasts/g. We obtained 388 isolates; all belonging to the genusLactobacillus. In wheat sourdoughs which were started with a spontaneous sour homofermentativelactobacilli (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. farciminis, L. homohiochii) are mainly found and alsoLactobacillus brevis, L. hildegardii and some other heterofermentative species. The main sourdough bacteria of wheat sourdoughs which were prepared with a masa madre were identified asLactobacillus brevis ssp.lindneri resp.L. sanfrancisco, which were present in addition toL. brevis, L. hildegardii, andL. viridescens. We also found varying numbers ofStreptococcus spp. in the wheat sourdoughs. The yeasts which we identified wereSaccharomyces cerevisiae, S. servazzi andCandida milleri.

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Nr. 5475 der Veröffentlichung der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Getreide- und Kartoffelverarbeitung, Detmold     

When Disaster Strikes

The importance of securing data against the threat of natural disasters i s something most MIS managers don't realize until it's too late. This column describes how two fires and an earthquake adversely affected several companies that were unprepared, or only partially prepared, for such disasters. It also discusses disaster recovery measures some MIS executives believe their companies should strengthen not only to protect the data center but to reduce their employees risk of losing valuable informa- tion from office files.     

Universal Remote Console-based next-generation accessible television

This paper presents a new approach to make current and future television universally accessible. The proposed approach provides a means of universal accessibility both for remotely operating the TV set and for interacting with online services delivered through the TV. This proposal is based on the ISO/IEC 24752 “Universal Remote Console” (URC) standard. This standard defines an abstract user interface layer called the “user interface socket” and allows the development of pluggable (plug-in) user interfaces for any type of user and any control device. The proposed approach lays the foundation for the development of advanced user interfaces that can be interacted within various modalities. Different prototypes have been developed based on this approach and tested with end users. The user tests have shown this approach to be a viable option for the proposed scenarios. Based on the experience gathered with the prototypes, recommendations and implementation options are suggested for commercial adoption.     

Highly efficient switched‐mode transmitter using a current mode class‐D RF amplifier

This article presents a switched‐mode transmitter architecture using a current mode class‐D (CMCD) amplifier. To achieve high average efficiency for a modulated signal the envelope of the complex baseband signal is transformed into pulses such that the CMCD amplifier is operated either at its peak efficiency or completely switched off. The CMCD amplifier has been designed based on single‐tone active harmonic load‐pull measurements to achieve a power‐added efficiency (PAE) of 61.5% with 25 W output power at 900 MHz using LDMOS FETs. Removing the losses of the demodulation filter and of the amplifier a 10% higher efficiency than in an ideal class‐B amplifier can be obtained for burst‐mode operation with a peak‐to‐average power ratio of 10 dB. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.     

ID-Services: an RFID middleware architecture for mobile applications

The use of RFID middleware to support application development for and integration of RFID hardware into information systems has become quite common in RFID applications where reader devices remain stationary, which currently represents the largest part of all RFID applications in use. Another field for applying RFID technology which is offering a huge set of novel possibilities and applications are mobile applications, where readers are no longer fixed. In order to address the specific issues of mobile RFID-enabled applications and to support developers in rapid application development, we present ID-Services, an architecture for an RFID middleware that is designed to support mobile applications. The ID-Services approach has been used to implement MoVIS (Mobile Visitor Information System), a mobile application which allows museum visitors to request individually adapted multimedia information about exhibits in an intuitive way.     

Representing short-term observations of moving objects by a simple visual language

In a variety of dynamical systems, formations of motion patterns occur. Observing colonies of animals, for instance, for the scientist it is not only of interest which kinds of formations these animals show, but also how they altogether move around. In order to analyse motion patterns for the purpose of making predictions, to describe the behaviour of systems, or to index databases of moving objects, methods are required for dealing with them. This becomes increasingly important since a number of technologies have been devised which allow objects precisely to get traced. However, the indeterminacy of spatial information in real world environments also requires techniques to approximate reasoning, for example, in order to compensate for small and unimportant distinctions which are due to noisy measurements. As a consequence, precise as well as coarse motion patterns have to be dealt with.A set of 16 atomic motion patterns is proposed. On the one hand, a relation algebra is defined on them. On the other hand, these 16 relations form the basis of a visual language using which motion patterns can easily be dealt with in a diagrammatic way. The relations are coarse but crisp and they allow imprecise knowledge about motion patterns to be dealt with, while their diagrammatic realisation also allow precise patterns to get handled. While almost all approaches consider motion patterns along arbitrary time intervals, this paper in particular focuses on short-term motion patterns as we permanently observe them in our everyday life.The bottom line of the current work, however, is yet more general. While it has been widely argued that it makes sense to use both sentential and diagrammatic representations in order to represent different things in the same system adequately (and hence differently), we argue that it makes even sense to represent the same things differently in order to grasp different aspects of one and the same object of interest from different viewpoints. We demonstrate this by providing both a sentential and a diagrammatic representation for the purpose of grasping different aspects of motion patterns. It shows that both representations complement each other.     

Accessible design and testing in the application development process: considerations for an integrated approach

Accessible design principles should permeate virtually all phases of the application development cycle, using existing “best practices of software engineering” for accessibility purposes. This paper proposes a methodology for accessible design and testing that includes proven tools of software engineering, namely use cases and scenarios, to capture functional requirements. Guidelines developed through user testing and heuristics are made real using personas to exemplify accessibility requirements, reflecting a diversity of user capabilities and use contexts. For implementation and testing, test cases containing accessibility checkpoints are generated, based on the guidelines. Complementary to this methodology, expert reviews and user testing should be conducted for evaluation of the developed products and further refinement of the development process.     

Die Mikroflora des Sauerteiges

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Ermittlungen über das Vitaminbedürfnis der an der Sauerteiggdrung beteiligten Milchsäurebakterien der UntergattungenThermobacterium, Streptobacterium andBetabacterium angestellt.Von den überprüften Sauerteigbakterien waren 54 Stämme aus sog. Reinzuchtsauerteigen und 49 Stämme aus Sauerteigen isoliert worden. Alle Sauerteigbakterien erwiesen sich biotin-, vitamin B₆-, vitamin B₁₂-, pyridoxamin- und pyridoxalautotroph. Ohne Ausnahme besteht bei den Sauerteigbakterien ein Bedürfnis an Pantothensäure und Nicotinsäure. Die Bedürftigkeit der Sauerteigbakterien an Folsäure, Vitamin B₂ und Vitamin B₁ ist von Art zu Art wechselnd.Das Vitaminbedürfnis der verschiedenen Gruppen von Sauerteigbakterien steht weitgehend in Übereinstimmung mit dem Bedürfnis der jeweils zum Vergleich herangezogenen Milchsäurebakterien definierter Art. Die Befunde geben somit eine Bestätigung der anhand des Zuckerspektrums vorgenommenen Zuordnung der Sauerteigbakterien zu den ArtenLactobacillus aeidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. fareiminis, L. brevis, L. brevis var. lindneri, L. fermentum undL. fructivorans.

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The microflora of sourdoughV. Communication: The vitamin requirement of lactic acid bacteria (Genus lactobacillus Beijerinck) of sourdough starter and sourdough

Summary Research was carried out on the vitamin requirements of lactic acid bacteria of the subgeneraThermobacterium, Streptobacterium andBetabacterium, which have a part in the sourdough fermentation. Of the investigated sourdough bacteria 54 strains were isolated from the Reinzuchtsauer (a starter culture) and 49 strains from sourdough. All sourdough bacteria were biotin-, vitamin B₆-, vitamin B₁₂-, pyridoxamine-and pyridoxal-autotroph. All sourdough bacteria showed a requirement for pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid. The requirement of sourdough bacteria for folic acid, vitamin B₂ and vitamin B₁ varied from species to species. The vitamin requirements of the different species of sourdough bacteria mostly agree with the requirements of reference strains of lactic acid bacteria (ATCC-strains, DSM-strains) with which they were compared. The results are therefore a confirmation for having assigned the sourdough bacteria from their sugar fermentation reactions to the speciesLactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. farciminis, L. brevis, L. fermentum, L. fructivorans andL. brevis var. lindneri.

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Nr. 4470 der Veröffentlichungen der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Getreide- und Kartoffelverarbeitung, Detmold

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Diese Untersuchungen wurden ermöglicht durch eine finanzielle Förderung seitens des Bundesministeriums für Forschung und Technologie im Rahmen des Programmes Biologie und Technik     

Microcavity-integrated graphene photodetector

There is an increasing interest in using graphene (1, 2) for optoelectronic applications. (3-19) However, because graphene is an inherently weak optical absorber (only ≈2.3% absorption), novel concepts need to be developed to increase the absorption and take full advantage of its unique optical properties. We demonstrate that by monolithically integrating graphene with a Fabry-Pérot microcavity, the optical absorption is 26-fold enhanced, reaching values >60%. We present a graphene-based microcavity photodetector with responsivity of 21 mA/W. Our approach can be applied to a variety of other graphene devices, such as electro-absorption modulators, variable optical attenuators, or light emitters, and provides a new route to graphene photonics with the potential for applications in communications, security, sensing and spectroscopy.     

Gallium gradients in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells

The gallium gradient in Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) layers, which forms during the two industrially relevant deposition routes, the sequential and co‐evaporation processes, plays a key role in the device performance of CIGS thin‐film modules. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive study on the formation, nature, and consequences of gallium gradients in CIGS solar cells. The formation of gallium gradients is analyzed in real time during a rapid selenization process by in situ X‐ray measurements. In addition, the gallium grading of a CIGS layer grown with an in‐line co‐evaporation process is analyzed by means of depth profiling with mass spectrometry. This gallium gradient of a real solar cell served as input data for device simulations. Depth‐dependent occurrence of lateral inhomogeneities on the µm scale in CIGS deposited by the co‐evaporation process was investigated by highly spatially resolved luminescence measurements on etched CIGS samples, which revealed a dependence of the optical bandgap, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting, transition levels, and the vertical gallium gradient. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of CIGS cross‐sections point to a difference in gallium content in the near surface region of neighboring grains. Migration barriers for a copper‐vacancy‐mediated indium and gallium diffusion in CuInSe₂ and CuGaSe₂ were calculated using density functional theory. The migration barrier for the In_Cu antisite in CuGaSe₂ is significantly lower compared with the Ga_Cu antisite in CuInSe₂, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed Ga gradients in CIGS layers grown by co‐evaporation and selenization processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.