A nucleolus-associated coiled body

One or two healthy structures frequently have been observed attached to nucleoli in facial motor neurons of the golden hamster. These round-to-oval structures, called "coiled bodies", were seen at 15, 19, and 24 days postnatal and in the adult, both in normal neurons and in chromatolytic neurons which had been axotomized 4 days previously. With one exception, the coiled bodies were seen to be attached via fibrillar material to the nucleolar periphery. Although the numbers of coiled bodies may be altered during neuronal maturation and as a result of axon section, the bodies revealed no structural alterations that could be attributed to developmental age or to experimental trauma.     

Sex and age differences in pulmonary mechanics in normal nonsmoking subjects

This study was performed to determine whether stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors increases total or regional cerebral blood flow and whether activation of arterial chemoreceptors contributes to cerebral vasodilation during systemic hypoxemia. In anesthetized and ventilated dogs, carotid chemoreceptors were stimulated with nicotine or hypoxic and hypercapnic blood. To measure total and regional cerebral blood flow, we used labeled 15-mu microspheres. Stimulation of chemoreceptors did not increase cerebral blood flow or produce significant redistribution of cerebral blood flow, even though the chemoreflex was intact in these animals (as manifested by vasoconstriction in muscle, kidney, and small bowel) and the cerebral vessels dilated in response to systemic hypercapnia. In other studies in anesthetized, ventilated dogs and rhesus monkeys, cerebral vasodilator responses to systemic hypoxemia were observed before and after denervation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors. Systemic hypoxemia produced large and equivalent increases in cerebral blood flow before and after chemodenervation. We conclude that stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors does not produce cerebral vasodilation and that chemoreceptors do not contribute significantly to cerebral vasodilation during systemic hypoxemia.     

A comparison of the effect of benzopyrones and other drugs with anti-inflammatory properties on acid and neutral protease activity levels in various tissues after thermal injury

Generally, the benzopyrones enhanced acid protease activity levels in the oedema fluid and the extracellular compartment of the skin. This is the region where thermal injury has its greatest impact. The proteolysis induced by the drugs in this region represents a means of rapidly reducing some of the derangements which the thermal injury has caused. Levamisole also enhanced acid protease activity levels in the serum and extracellular compartment of the skin 6 hours after thermal injury, while Reparil had the same effect at 24 hours. Generally the benzopyrones had little or no effect on neutral protease levels, while levamisole and Reparil caused their depression. The later effects could possibly be attributed to serum deactivation or to inhibition of their release. The enzyme enhancing activity of these drugs has been shown to correlate remarkably well with their oedema reducing ability. Generally, those which increased enzyme activity levels the most were the most effective in reducing the oedema. The cells upon which the drugs exert their effects in thermal oedema mainly seem to be the macrophages; the fibroblasts seem to be of secondary importance. This is to be contrasted with their action in the initial stages of lymphoedema where they are believed to stimulate the neutrophils. The net result of the proteolysis is many small fragments which can rapidly leave the injured tissue thus releasing the oedema fluid.     

High Thermal Conductivity Polymer Composites Fabrication through Conventional and 3D Printing Processes: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends

The lifespan and the performance of flexible electronic devices and components are affected by the large accumulation of heat, and this problem must be addressed by thermally conductive polymer composite films. Therefore, the need for the development of high thermal conductivity nanocomposites has a strong role in various applications. In this article, the effect of different particle reinforcements such as single and hybrid form, coated and uncoated particles, and chemically treated particles on the thermal conductivity of various polymers are reviewed and the mechanism behind the improvement of the required properties are discussed. Furthermore, the role of manufacturing processes such as injection molding, compression molding, and 3D printing techniques in the production of high thermal conductivity polymer composites is detailed. Finally, the potential for future research is discussed, which can help researchers to work on the thermal properties enhancement for polymeric materials.     

Diagnosis and management of colovesical fistulas

Diagnosis and management may present difficult problems in patients with colovesical fistulas. Symptoms in the urinary tract are most common, and cystoscopy, and cystography are the most valuable diagnostic procedures. It may not always be possible to demonstrate the fistula by diagnostic tests, and a high index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with inflammatory or neoplastic disease of the rectosigmoid area or bladder with recurrent cystitis. Definitive treatment should include resection of the fistula and diseased segment of the intestine. Both one stage and multistage procedures have their place in the treatment of this condition. There are specific criteria for success for a one stage procedure.