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1.
This paper documents the first of the two interrelated studies that were conducted to more fundamentally understand the scalability of flame heat flux, the motivation being that it has been reported that flame heat flux back to the burning surface in bench‐scale experiments is not the same as for large‐scale fires. The key aspect was the use of real scale applied heat flux up to 200kW/m2 which is well beyond that typically considered in contemporary testing. The main conclusions are that decomposition kinetics needs to be included in the study of ignition and the energy balance for steady burning is too simplistic to represent the physics occurring. An unexpected non‐linear trend is observed in the typical plotting methods currently used in fire protection engineering for ignition and mass loss flux data for several materials tested and this non‐linearity is a true material response. Using measured temperature profiles in the condensed phase shows that viewing ignition as an inert material process is inaccurate at predicting the surface temperature at higher heat fluxes. The steady burning temperature profiles appear to be invariant with applied heat flux. This possible inaccuracy was investigated by obtaining the heat of gasification via the ‘typical technique’ using the mass loss flux data and comparing it to the commonly considered ‘fundamental’ value obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements. This comparison suggests that the ‘typical technique’ energy balance is too simplified to represent the physics occurring for any range of applied heat flux. Observed bubbling and melting phenomena provide a possible direction of study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Patricia M. Cooney J. E. Hodge C. D. Evans 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1958,35(4):167-171
Summary Amino reductones derived from hexoses were evaluated for color development in heated, oxidizing fat systems. Browning was
observed to some extent with all the amino-hexose-reductones. The brown color frequently faded upon long heating of the oils.
The density of color increased with reductone concentration and varied markedly among the different amino reductones. Morpholino-hexose-reductone
could be used in lard and vegetable oils at concentrations up to 0.01% without introducing visually detectable amounts of
color. Heating soybean oil solutions of the amino reductones at 100°C. under vacuum slowly destroyed the reductone but did
not cause development of color. Air or oxygen was required for color production. Addition of citric acid along with the reductone
reduced the amount of color developed. Reductones in fat systems show similarities in browning to reductones in aqueous systems.
New considerations for the mechanism of antioxidation by polyphenols and reductones in oils are presented.
Presented at the spring meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society. New Orleans, La., April 28-May 1, 1957. 相似文献
3.
4.
Fred N. Tebbe Patricia A. Morris Roger H. French Uma Chowdhry Robert L. Coble 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1988,71(4):204-C
Aluminum hydroxide obtained by hydrolysis of triethylaluminum is free of uranium and thorium at detection limits of 1 to 9 parts per billion (ppb). Other impurities commonly associated with aluminum oxides are present at low levels (Fe, ∼ 1 ppm; Si, 3 to 6 ppm). When the organoaluminum is intentionally contaminated with an iron salt, purity is restored by a simple distillation. 相似文献
5.
Patricia Quinlin Herman J. Weiser Jr. 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1958,35(7):325-327
Summary Monoglyceride concentrates are quantitatively separated into mono-, di-, and triglyceride components on silica gel columns
by an adsorption chromatographic technique. The separated glycerides are determined gravimetrically. The adsorption on silica
gel is dependent on the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule, and the influence of unsaturation and chain length is minimized.
Combinations of benzene and ethyl ether are used for elution, thus preventing isomerization, which frequently results when
polar solvents such as alcohols are used.
The procedure for the chromatographic separation is simple and straightforward. The equipment used is easily obtainable. The
silica gel adsorbent requires only adjustment of its water content before use.
Mixtures of both saturated and unsaturated glycerides and those having different fatty acid chain length have been separated.
Known mixtures have also been analyzed. For a known mixture containing 15% tripalmitin, 45% distearin, and 38% monopalmitin
the average deviations from the calculated values were 0.4%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, respectively 相似文献
6.
This paper is concerned with the derivation of infinite schedules for timed automata that are in some sense optimal. To cover
a wide class of optimality criteria we start out by introducing an extension of the (priced) timed automata model that includes
both costs and rewards as separate modelling features. A precise definition is then given of what constitutes optimal infinite
behaviours for this class of models. We subsequently show that the derivation of optimal non-terminating schedules for such
double-priced timed automata is computable. This is done by a reduction of the problem to the determination of optimal mean-cycles
in finite graphs with weighted edges. This reduction is obtained by introducing the so-called corner-point abstraction, a
powerful abstraction technique of which we show that it preserves optimal schedules.
This work has been mostly done while visiting CISS at Aalborg University in Denmark and has been supported by CISS and by
ACI Cortos, a program of the French Ministry of Research. 相似文献
7.
Patricia Wouters 《国际水》2013,38(4):499-512
Abstract The exchange of data and information relating to transboundary water resources is widely accepted as being an appropriate starting point for more comprehensive cooperation. This paper examines under what conditions data and information exchange occur in relation to shared water resources, and hence examines when it can be used as a confidence building measure. An overview of several major international river basins together with more detailed case studies of the Mekong. Rio Grande, and Rhine River basins suggest that factors that promote data and information exchange include the presence of compatible needs, absence of legacies of mistrust, increasing water resources stress, perceptions that cooperation is of mutual benefit, external pressure and funding, comparable levels of institutional capacity, popular and political concern about water resources management, and functional formal or informal cooperative arrangements. Analysis of the situation prevailing between Israel and the Palestinians with regard to shared water resources suggests that data and information exchange does not seem likely in the short term, even though other forms of cooperation have been established with mixed results. This suggests that in some situations, at least, data and information exchange relating to shared water resources may not be useful as a first step in establishing more comprehensive cooperation. 相似文献
8.
Carbajal-Palacios P Balderas-Hernández P Ibanez JG Roa-Morales G 《Water science and technology》2012,66(5):1069-1073
The widely used standard method for chemical oxygen demand (COD) involves hazardous chromium species, and its two-hour heating protocol entails a substantial amount of energy expenditure. In the present work we report a proof of concept for a major modification of this method in the range 10-800 mgCOD/L, whereby H2O2 is proposed as a replacement oxidizer. This modification not only reduces the use of unsafe chromium species but also allows for the use of milder conditions that decrease the total energy outlay. The results are comparable with those obtained either with the standard method or with a commercial Hach? kit. 相似文献
9.
Pettarin Valeria Frontini Patricia Eliçabe Guillermo Rink Marta Pavan Andrea 《Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials》2004,8(3):269-288
This paper deals with the influence of the testing equipment on impact load measurements. A previously developed method of analysis and processing of the experimental data based on a refined analogical model of the impact event and inverse problem techniques is used. This method makes it possible to obtain the mechanical response of the material, notwithstanding the disturbance of the dynamic effects associated to the test. Results from tests carried out both on falling weight and swing pendulum instrumented testing machines are compared. It is shown that this method can give an accurate estimation of the actual bending force in impact testing independent of the testing equipment. 相似文献
10.
Mariana P. Pinho Guilherme A. Lepski Roberta Rehder Nadia E. Chauca-Torres Gabriela C. M. Evangelista Sarah F. Teixeira Elizabeth A. Flatow Jaqueline V. de Oliveira Carla S. Fogolin Nataly Peres Analía Arvalo Venncio Alves Jos A. M. Barbuto Patricia C. Bergami-Santos 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(10)
Immunotherapy has brought hope to the fight against glioblastoma, but its efficacy remains unclear. We present the case of CST, a 25-year-old female patient with a large right-hemisphere glioblastoma treated with a dendritic–tumor cell fusion vaccine. CST showed a near-complete tumor response, with a marked improvement in her functional status and simultaneous increases in tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Two months before recurrence, the frequency of tumor-specific T cells decreased, while that of IL-17 and CD4+ T cells increased. CST passed away 15 months after enrollment. In this illustrative case, the tumor-specific CD4+ T-cell numbers and phenotype behaved as treatment efficacy biomarkers, highlighting the key role of the latter in glioblastoma immunotherapy. 相似文献