Are all cognitive therapies alike? A comparison of cognitive and noncognitive therapy process and implications for the application of empirically supported treatments.

The definition of an empirically supported treatment (EST) arguably embodies 2 untested assumptions: (a) that different manualized renditions of the same therapy are functionally equivalent and (b) that therapies can be reliably applied independently of therapist, setting, and format. These assumptions were tested as applied to cognitive therapy (CT), using process data from a large multisite study (N=235) that included 3 cognitive and 6 alternative therapies. Although the non-CTs were more variable than the CTs on 2 of 4 dimensions studied (directiveness and emotional arousal), there was considerable variation among the 3 CTs, even when implemented in the current context of rigorous training, manualization, and adherence checks. Results are discussed as related to the assumptions underlying EST criteria. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Novel Sprague-Dawley Rat Model Presents Improved NASH/NAFLD Symptoms with PEG Coated Vitexin Liposomes

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a global threat to the human population, with manifestations resulting from alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, if not treated, may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Furthermore, inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Vitexin, a natural flavonoid, has been recently reported for inhibiting NAFLD. It is a lipogenesis inhibitor and activates lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, owing to its antioxidant properties, it appeared as a hepatoprotective candidate. However, it exhibits low bioavailability and low efficacy due to its hydrophobic nature. A novel rat model for liver cirrhosis was developed by CCL4/Urethane co-administration. Vitexin encapsulated liposomes were synthesized by the ‘thin-film hydration’ method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated on liposomes to enhance stability and stealth effect. The diseased rats were then treated with vitexin and PEGylated vitexin liposomes, administered intravenously and orally. Results ascertained the liposomal encapsulation of vitexin and subsequent PEG coating to be a substantial strategy for treating liver cirrhosis through oral drug delivery.     

Functional impairment and coping style.

The study of how patient attributes interact with psychological treatments (i.e., aptitude by treatment interactions [ATI's]) is a complex and often neglected area of research. ATI research includes patient dimensions and covariates or moderators that selectively and predictably alter the effect of various models of psychotherapy. A number of patient dimensions that moderate treatment effects have been identified. This article focuses on two of these patient variables: patient level of functional impairment and patient coping style. This article describes these concepts and the methods of their measurement and then reviews empirical literature that identifies the effects of these patient contributions on treatment outcome. The practical implications for treatment are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Point of entry and functional impairment as predictors of treatment amount and cost for patients with mental illness and substance abuse disorders in Santa Barbara County Mental Health Services.

This study examines point of entry, functional impairment, comorbid diagnosis, and demographic variables as predictors of treatment amount and cost for patients with mental illness and substance abuse disorders in Santa Barbara County Mental Health Services. Overall, significant results were found for point of entry, with higher costs associated with mental health than chemical abuse point of entry. Furthermore, amount, modality, and cost of service varied widely across such variables as functional impairment with those rated as least impaired receiving the greatest amount of services at the greatest cost. Additional significant findings in treatment amount and cost are reported for variables such as homelessness, ethnicity, and age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)