Enhanced strains of Nb-doped BNKT-4ST piezoelectric ceramics via phase boundary and domain design

A strategy that constructs the morphotropic phase boundary and manipulates the domain structure has been used to design the component of 0.96[Bi_0.5(Na_0.84K_0.16)_0.5Ti_(1-x)Nb_xO₃]-0.04SrTiO₃ (BNKT-4ST-100xNb) to enhance the strain properties for actuator application. Non-equivalent Nb⁵⁺ donor doping modulates the phase transition from the mixture of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases to the pseudocubic phase and results in the coexistence of multiple phases. Moreover, the high-resolution TEM confirms the existence of polar nano regions that contribute to the macroscopic relaxor behaviour. The size of the domains is reduced with increasing Nb⁵⁺, resulting in an enhanced relaxor behaviour. The ferroelectric-relaxor transition temperature decreases from 85 to below 30 °C, implying a non-ergodic to ergodic relaxor transition. An improved strain of 0.56% and a giant normalized strain of 1120 pm/V were achieved for BNKT-4ST-1.5Nb, which were attributed to the unique domain structure in which nanodomains are embedded in an undistorted cubic matrix. Ferroelectric, antiferroelectric, and relaxor phases coexist. As the electric field is large enough, a reversible phase transition occurs. Furthermore, good temperature stability was obtained due to the stability of the nanodomains, and no degradation in strains was observed even after 10⁴ cycles, which may originate from the reversible phase transition and dynamic domain wall. The results show that this design strategy offers a reference way to improve the strain behaviour and that BNKT-4ST-100xNb ceramics could be a potential material for high-displacement actuator applications.     

Real-time molecular characterization of air pollutants in a Hong Kong residence: Implication of indoor source emissions and heterogeneous chemistry

Due to the high health risks associated with indoor air pollutants and long-term exposure, indoor air quality has received increasing attention. In this study, we put emphasis on the molecular composition, source emissions, and chemical aging of air pollutants in a residence with designed activities mimicking ordinary Hong Kong homes. More than 150 air pollutants were detected at molecular level, 87 of which were quantified at a time resolution of not less than 1 hour. The indoor-to-outdoor ratios were higher than 1 for most of the primary air pollutants, due to emissions of indoor activities and indoor backgrounds (especially for aldehydes). In contrast, many secondary air pollutants exhibited higher concentrations in outdoor air. Painting ranked first in aldehyde emissions, which also caused great enhancement of aromatics. Incense burning had the highest emissions of particle-phase organics, with vanillic acid and syringic acid as markers. The other noteworthy fingerprints enabled by online measurements included linoleic acid, cholesterol, and oleic acid for cooking, 2,5-dimethylfuran, stigmasterol, iso-/anteiso-alkanes, and fructose isomers for smoking, C₂₈-C₃₄ even n-alkanes for candle burning, and monoterpenes for the use of air freshener, cleaning agents, and camphor oil. We showed clear evidence of chemical aging of cooking emissions, giving a hint of indoor heterogeneous chemistry. This study highlights the value of organic molecules measured at high time resolutions in enhancing our knowledge on indoor air quality.     

Calcium binding mode of {gamma}-carboxyglutamic acids in conantokins

Conantokin-T (con-T) and conantokin-G (con-G) are two highlyhomologous peptide toxins found in Conus venom. The former isa 21-residue peptide with four -carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues(at positions 3, 4, 10 and 14), while the latter is a 17-residuepeptide with five -carboxyglutamic acid residues (at positions3, 4, 7, 10 and 14). Despite the apparent similarity in numberand relative positions of the -carboxyglutamic acid residues,¹¹³Cd-NMR studies indicated a distinct metal binding behaviorfor con-G and con-T. There appears to be four binding sitesin con-G in contrast to one metal binding site in con-T. Toelucidate the mode of calcium binding by the -carboxyglutamicacid residues in these conantokins, we designed various analogouspeptides with their -carboxyglutamic acid replaced by otheramino acid residues. ¹¹³Cd-NMR experiments on conantokin analoguesreveal that the major difference in the number of metal bindingsites between con-G and con-T is due to the residue at position7. We also performed molecular simulations to calculate therelative binding free energies of several potential bindingsites. Based on our theoretical and experimental results, wepropose a `four-site' binding model for conantokin-G and a `single-site'binding model for conantokin-T.     

最优知识传递宽残差网络输电线路螺栓缺陷图像分类

目的 输电线路螺栓图像具有分辨率低和视觉信息较差的特点,针对螺栓缺陷图像分类时教师网络（大模型）参数量大、学生网络（小模型）分类精度低的问题,提出了一种最优知识传递宽残差网络输电线路螺栓缺陷图像分类方法,来弥补使用大小模型进行分类任务的局限性。方法 首先改变大模型宽度,即拓宽网络特征表达维度来增加向小模型传递的螺栓缺陷知识和简化小模型结构至3个残差块;然后为了选出传递螺栓缺陷知识性能最优的大模型,提出知识偏差的概念来可视化大模型向小模型螺栓缺陷知识传递的程度,综合分析不同宽度大模型利用知识蒸馏算法与注意力转移算法分别指导小模型训练后的分类准确率,并用知识偏差来确定最优知识传递模型;最后将最优知识传递模型利用知识蒸馏算法与注意力转移算法相结合指导小模型训练,尽可能提升小模型的螺栓缺陷分类性能。结果 在自建螺栓缺陷图像分类数据集上进行了验证,结果表明宽度为5的大模型向小模型传递螺栓缺陷知识性能最优,使小模型的螺栓缺陷分类准确率提高了5.56%,小模型与最优大模型的分类准确率只差2.17%,知识偏差为0.28,且小模型的参数量仅为大模型参数量的0.56%。结论 本文提出的最优知识传递宽残差网络输电线路螺栓缺陷图像分类方法,弥补了大小模型螺栓缺陷图像分类的局限性,实现了精度与资源消耗的平衡。     

A Cluster-Based Virtual Cooperative MIMO Transmission Scheme

基于分簇的虚拟协作MIMO传输策略研究

吕红芳

（上海电机学院 电气学院）

中文摘要：

无线传感器网络应用于环境状态监测时,最关键的问题是在无线通信时保障数据传输的可靠性、降低全网的能量消耗。本文提出了一种基于分簇的虚拟协作MIMO传输策略（CVCM）,该方案根据簇头节点到汇聚节点的距离动态配置最佳的协作节点数目和调制速率,保证每个虚拟MIMO单元和汇聚节点的通信能耗最小,从而降低整个网络的能力消耗。仿真实验结果表明,CVCM有效地降低了网络能耗,延长了网络的生命周期,提高了基站接收数据的有效性。

关键词：分簇;虚拟协作MIMO;动态配置;调制速率

     

皮尔格轧机冷轧不锈钢管回弹预测模型的建立与验证

以皮尔格LG60轧机轧制304不锈钢管为例,研究皮尔格轧机冷轧不锈钢管回弹预测模型。首先通过单向拉伸试验及数据处理的方法得到材料的分段非线性本构方程;其次根据钢管轧制的塑性变形规律结合增量理论,得到变形过程中各应变分量的计算方法,并把钢管变形过程中的受力状态由三向应力状态转化为单向应力状态,利用材料的卸载定律建立冷轧钢管的回弹预测模型;最后通过大型有限元模拟软件DEFORM-3D进行完整轧制过程的3维有限元模拟仿真,并利用皮尔格轧机进行实际轧制试验验证来检验回弹预测模型的可靠性与正确性。结果表明,本模型精度较高,对皮尔格轧机孔型设计及实际生产中成品管尺寸精度控制有重要指导意义。     

大庆F区块挥发性油藏流体特征及影响因素分析

运用气相色谱法对分离油和分离气进行了组成组分及原油物性分析。利用PVTsim得到F区块地层油组成组分,通过模拟多次脱气实验,研究了该区块原油的高压物性参数变化及影响其变化的因素,分析了分离级数及开采条件变化对流体组成及物性的影响。结果表明,该区块地层油具有轻烃(C1~C6)含量高、密度低、收缩性强、溶解气油体积比大的特点;与黑油相比,压力变化对PVT参数的影响更大;油藏流体PVT特征对分离级数具有强烈的敏感性,多级分离时,地层油收缩率较小,脱气量较小,产油量较大;小油嘴开采时,嘴前压力较高,原油中轻质组分脱气相对较少,采出的原油中轻质组分较高,轻质组分更容易被开采出来。     

厌氧生物滤池在生活污水厌氧-好氧组合处理工艺中的应用

摘要：根据农村生活污水的特点及选择处理工艺应考虑的因素,构建了适应分散式生活污水处理要求的“厌氧消化-缺氧-好氧-人工湿地”组合工艺。本文系统阐述了厌氧生物滤池反应单元在“厌氧消化-缺氧-好氧-人工湿地”工艺去除化学需氧量(COD)的作用,着重分析了水力停留时间（HRT）对厌氧生物滤池处理效果、产气效能、运行特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,厌氧生物滤池单元经过65d的中低温驯化后稳定运行,在HRT为72h条件下,厌氧系统污水COD去除率约37.8%。与跌水接触氧化和人工湿地工艺联用后,平均出水COD 39.3mg•L-1,平均去除率为86.2%,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）中COD项目的一级A标准。     

Spatial distribution of silica fillers in phase-separated rubber blends investigated by three-dimensional elemental mapping

The distribution of nano-sized silica in binary rubber blends is characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). 3D distribution of silica is visualized by STEM-EDX tomography with the tilt-series of silicon elemental maps, while the phase-separated morphologies of polyisoprene rubber (IR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) are visualized by STEM-tomography in high-angle-annular-dark field (HAADF) mode. The combination of STEM-EDX and STEM-HAADF tomography enables us to determine the distribution of silica between the two rubber phases quantitatively even with high contents of silica up to 70 phr (weight parts per hundred rubber). It is found that silica is preferentially distributed in the SBR phase, but it is also distributed in the IR phase when the IR fraction in the total rubber components is higher than 40 wt%. The preferential distribution of silica in the SBR phase improves the dispersion of the IR domains. This is the first use of this technique for a multicomponent polymer system, showing the advantage to characterize the complicated multicomponent polymer composite morphologies.     

碳纳米纤维增强聚甲醛复合材料制备及性能

通过纳米碳纤维(CNFs)在聚甲醛(POM)基体中的均匀分散以及取向,制备了具有优异力学性能和热性能的POM/CNFs复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、拉伸性能测试、热重分析、动态热机械分析测试表征了POM/CNFs复合材料的结构和力学、热学性能。结果表明,CNFs与POM分子链形成氢键相互作用,促进了CNFs在POM基体内分散,同时使POM/CNFs复合材料的结晶度显著提高。随着CNFs含量增加,POM/CNFs复合材料的拉伸强度、储能模量和损耗模量均得到提高。当添加0.5%的CNFs时,拉伸强度、储能模量及损耗模量分别提高了20.5%,127%和58%。进一步研究了高温拉伸对POM/CNFs复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,CNFs沿拉伸方向定向排列,同时复合材料拉伸后结晶度提高,拉伸强度显著增加。