Syntheses and conformational studies of poly(S-menthyloxycarbonylmethyl l- and d-cysteines)

S-menthyloxycarbonylmethyl l- and d-cysteines were prepared by the reaction of l- or d-cysteine and (?)-menthyl chloroacetate in liquid ammonia and were then polymerized to poly(S-menthyloxycarbonylmethyll- and d-cysteines) by the N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) method. From the results obtained by means of infra-red spectra, X-ray diffractions, optical rotatory dispersions (o.r.d.), and circular dichroisms (c.d.), $\text{poly}\text{(S-}\text{menthyloxycarbonylmethyl-}\text{l}\text{-cysteine}\text{)}$ was found to be a right-handed α-helix in the solid state and in ethyl ether/chloroform and chloroform solutions. Similarly, $\text{poly}\text{(S-}\text{menthyloxycarbonylmethyl-}\text{d}\text{-cysteine}\text{)}$ was a left-handed α-helix. The helix-coil transition of these polymers was observed in the vicinity of 3–4% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in chloroform/TFA mixtures.     

Colorimetric microdetermination of sulphites in foods by use of the modified rankine apparatus. IV.

Summary Detection and determination of traces of sulphites in foods was attempted by use of the modified Rankine apparatus and pararosaniline colorimetry. Replacement of alkaline titration reported previously by pararosaniline colorimetry lowered the absolute detection limit from 30 g (titration method) to 2 g. In view of clean analysis, in the color developing system, 0.1 N-sodium hydroxide was used in place of mercuric chloride solution commonly used as an absorbant of sulphites. In order to prevent oxidative decomposition of sulphites during operation, nitrogen gas was used as carrier instead of air. Dimedone and sodium azide were used for the elimination of aldehydes and nitrites, respecitvely, in the sample, which will disturb the color development of sulphites with pararosaniline-formaldehyde reagents. With this improved method, it was possible to determine the residual sulphites in frozen peeled shrimps, sugared beans and other foods with low sulphite contents accurately.

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Colorimetrische Mikrobestimmung von Sulfiten in Lebensmitteln bei Anwendung der modifizierten IV. Rankine Apparatur

Zusammenfassung Geringe Sulfitmengen in Lebensmitteln (geschälte Garnelen, gezuckerte Bohnen) können colorimetrisch bestimmt werden. Die neuentwickelte Methode beruht auf einer Kombination von colorimetrischer Bestimmung mittels p-Rosanilin und der Bestimmungsmethode nach Rankine. Auf diese Weise lassen sich Gehalte von 2 g noch genau bestimmen. Bei der Farbentwicklung wurde das giftige Quecksilbertetrachlorid durch 0.1 n-NaOH ersetzt, anstelle von Luft Stickstoff als Trägergas verwendet und somit eine Oxydation des Sulfits während der Bestimmung vermieden. Da Nitrit und Aldehyde die Farbentwicklung stören, wurde ihr Einfluß durch Dimedon und Natriumazid ausgeschaltet.

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Studies on the Analyses of Sulphites in Foods (IV)     

PVC、EPR和CSM材料辐照后热氧化降解的反应动力学分析

采用气相色谱定量测量了聚氯乙烯(PVC)、乙丙橡胶(EPR)和氯磺化聚乙烯(CSM)等线缆绝缘材料经辐照后在不同温度下热老化过程中的O2消耗量.对实验数据进行了反应动力学分析,发现线缆绝缘材料的热氧化降解反应为一级反应.同时获得了不同温度下的反应常数,并与根据Arrhenius 方程计算的理论结果进行了比较.     

Fabrication of ridge waveguides in LiNbO3 thin film crystal by proton-exchange accelerated etching

A simple fabrication method of adhered LiNbO₃ ridge waveguides by accelerated etching of the proton-exchanged region is proposed and demonstrated. The waveguides were fabricated and tested at 1.55 mum wavelength. Strongly confined guided modes were obtained. The waveguides are suitable for efficient nonlinear-optic wavelength conversion devices.     

Observing the Stimulated Raman Gain Spectra of Solutions Using an Infrared Pump Pulse with Narrow Linewidth and a Low-Noise CW Probe Laser

Stimulated Raman gain (SRG) spectroscopy using infrared pump pulses with narrow linewidth and a low-noise cw probe infrared laser was proposed. High-resolution Raman spectra of solutions were obtained. The SRG spectra of crystal GaP, benzene, and toluene were measured to confirm the spectral resolution and sensitivity over the terahertz (THz) region. We discuss the polarization dependence of the spectral measurement of carbon tetrachloride. Our system can detect organic molecules in aqueous solutions.     

Image blurring of thick specimens due to MeV transmission electron scattering: a Monte Carlo study

Image blurring of MeV transmission electrons for gold nanoparticles on the top surface of micrometer-thick specimens has been investigated using the Monte Carlo simulation. Both the simulated line density profile and therefore image blurring were in good agreement with the experimental ones in the ultrahigh voltage electron microscope. Quantitative effects of specimen thickness and electron energy on image blurring were presented, in which the specimen thickness had a greater influence. Image blurring was demonstrated to be caused mainly by multiple elastic scattering, but it could be reduced to several nanometers for a 5?μm thick epoxy-resin specimen at the electron energy of 2?MeV.     

Mechanical properties of drawn poly(methyl methacrylate) filled with ultrafine particles

The elastic and yield properties of drawn poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled with ultrafine SiO₂ are described as functions of filler content and size. The drawn PMMA composites were made by uniaxially drawing to x4.0 at 100°C and at a rate of 20 mm/min. Four compliance values, i.e., S₃₃, S₁₁, S₁₃, and S₄₄ were determined. These values decreased with filler content and decreasing filler size. The relative compliance values S^de/S^do(S^de is the compliance of drawn PMMA composites and S^do is that of drawn unfilled PMMA) are almost equivalently changed with changes in filler content. The elastic properties of drawn PMMA composites are thus reinforced isotopically. This is characteristic of PMMA which has a large side group. The yield behavior of drawn PMMA composites have similar filler size and content dependence to those of elastic properties except that the transverse yield stresses become more brittle with filler content. The anisotropy in yield stress is relatively larger than that of elastic properties. This is probably because the anti-reiforcing effect, such as fibrillation becomes prominent with increasing filler content in the perpendicular direction.     

Controlling Pyrene Association in DNA Duplexes by B- to Z-DNA Transitions

B- to Z-DNA transitions play a crucial role in biological systems and have attracted the interest of researchers for their applications in DNA nanotechnology. DNA and DNA analogues have also been used as templates to construct helical chromophore associations with π interactions. In this work, the B- to Z-DNA transition-induced switching of pyrene in an association manner was evaluated using DNA duplexes with non-nucleosidic pyrene residues in the middle of d(CG) repeat sequences. One of the pyrene-labeled DNAs was shown to exhibit inverted exciton coupled circular dichroism signals upon pyrene association through a B- to Z-DNA transition. This observation indicates that pyrene association switches the DNA conformation from right- to left-handed. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the pyrene-labeled DNA duplex also dynamically changed upon switching of the pyrene in an association-based manner. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that pyrene-labeled DNA shows promise as a chiroptical molecular switch.     

Size-dependent separation of graphene oxide by deformation of packed-gel in a chromatographic column

ABSTRACT

A deformable gel-packed chromatographic column was used to separate as-synthesized graphite oxide with different sizes. The synthesized gel (56 µm) was deformed by pressure of the fluid flow and the gaps in the gels showed a range of sizes. A suspension of graphene oxide (0.1 g/L, 10 mL) was injected, and graphene oxide in the elution had a size at 0.56 μm and 0.14 μm, whereas in half upper and bottom domain of the gel layer graphene oxide had a size at 33 µm and 2.9 µm, respectively, demonstrating that graphene oxide suspension was separated by size through gel layer.     

Formation of Bromate Ion Through a Radical Pathway in a Continuous Flow Reactor

The contribution of ozone and hydroxyl radical to the formation of bromate ion was investigated in a continuous flow reactor. Experiments were conducted under a wide range of ozone dose (0.7 ～ 3.8 mgL), pH (6.5 ～ 8.5), and t-butanol concentration (0 ～ 0.5 mM). The formation of bromate ion was found to depend on radical reaction pathway, because the amount of bromate ion formed increased with pH and decreased with t-butanol, a radical scavenger, even when dissolved ozone concentrations were almost the same. In fact, the amount of bromate ion formed was reduced by 90% in the presence of t-butanol. Furthermore, the formation of bromate ion occurred even when dissolved ozone was not significantly detected in the presence of organic matter (TOC of 1 mgCL). The second-order reaction rate constant of hydroxyl radical with bromide ion, k _HO,Br^? of 1.7 × 10⁹ (M^?1s^?1), was obtained on the assumption that the reactions of bromide ion and t-butanol with hydroxyl radical were competitive with each other in the presence of t-butanol and that the formation of bromate ion depended on the reaction of bromide ion with hydroxyl radical. Therefore, it is concluded that the reaction of bromide ion with hydroxyl radical dominated in the overall reaction from bromide ion to bromate ion in the continuous flow reactor.