熔岩玻璃体核素衰变热功率的计算

温度是影响熔岩玻璃体溶解速度的关键因素,为此,本文计算了核试验后10~300 000d内熔岩玻璃体中核素衰变热功率,评估了核素衰变热功率对熔岩玻璃体的温度和溶解速度的影响程度。采用了国际原子能机构给出的100kt TNT当量地下核试验产生的、半衰期大于1a的放射性核素含量,利用其中裂变产物核素137 Cs的含量推算累积裂变产额大于0.1%、半衰期为1d~1a的短寿命裂变产物核素的含量。分析了各核素的放射性衰变特点,采用ENDF/BⅦ库中核素衰变辐射的平均α能量、平均电子能量和平均电磁辐射能量计算各核素在熔岩玻璃体内因衰变而沉积的能量。计算结果表明:核素衰变热功率呈分段幂函数衰减;在10~2 000d、2 000~60 000d和60 000d之后的时段内,衰变热功率分别主要源于短寿命裂变产物核素、长寿命裂变产物核素和锕系元素。核素衰变热功率对熔岩玻璃体的温度和溶解速度的影响不大,1 000d后影响非常小。     

新型核辐射屏蔽材料的优化设计

为研制兼具质地轻、体积小、耐高温等特点的新型中子、γ混合辐射屏蔽材料,用遗传算法建立了屏蔽材料优化设计方法。对应用该方法设计出的3种材料进行MCNP软件检验,并与铁等材料进行比较。结果表明:在达到一定厚度后,这些材料对裂变中子、γ的总屏蔽效果均超过铁,且相同屏蔽效果下的铁质量当量显著下降。     

A fractionation model based on three lognormal particle size distributions

In this paper, a new model is proposed to calculate distribution of fission products in particles of different sizes. The model sensitivity to the effective volume and mass of vaporized soil particles is examined. Compared with other fractionation models, the new method has a much better performance in calculating r89,95, but the calculated cumulative activity fraction for particles in diameters over 100 μm is in between the results using the F-T and G-X models. It is concluded that in a near surface nuclear explosion radioactivity is mainly distributed in soil particles which have not been vaporized, and according to the Henry's law and ideal gas law, r89,95 may vary in larger particles when effective volume of the fireball is changed.