Amygdala Central Nucleus Function Is Necessary for Learning, but Not Expression, of Conditioned Auditory Orienting.

In Pavlovian appetitive conditioning, rats often acquire 2 classes of conditioned responses: those whose form is determined by the reinforcer, and those whose form is determined by characteristics of the conditioned stimulus (CS). Consistent with the results of previous lesion studies, reversible inactivation of amygdala central nucleus function during pairings of an auditory CS with food prevented the acquisition of conditioned orienting responses specific to auditory CSs, whereas food-related conditioned behaviors were acquired normally. Neither inactivation nor posttraining neurotoxic lesions of the central nucleus affected the expression of previously acquired conditioned orienting. Thus, although the central nucleus is critical to the acquisition of information required for conditioned orienting to auditory cues, it is not needed for maintaining this information for later use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

国际大厦常规空调与冰蓄冷空调方案比较

分析比较了一栋高层办公大楼采用常规空调和冰蓄冷空调方案的技术可行性，造价，运行电费诸方面，认为在峰谷电价比为２：１的情况下由于电费的节省冰蓄冷空调超出常规空调的造价部分回收期为３ａ。     

冰蓄冷研究的现状与展望

对冰蓄冷技术的研究和开发现状作了综述，讨论了其中尚未解决的一些问题及技术难点，展望了近期冰蓄冷研究和开发的走向。     

Auswirkungen einer Kalziumbehandlung auf die Entstehung und Zusammensetzung von nichtmetallischen Einschlüssen bei der Erzeugung von aluminiumberuhigten Stählen für Langprodukte

The treatment of liquid steel with calcium is an often used practice, if the melt has been killed with aluminium. Thus high melting aluminium oxides are being modified to calcium aluminates with a lower melting point. This improves the castability in the continuous casting process. Therefore experiments have been carried out at Voestalpine Stahl Donawitz to determine the effects of a calcium treatment on the inclusion composition and morphology Tests of the steel purity and SEM/EDX-analyses of nonmetallic inclusions have been carried out. Main interest of the investigations were the influence of a high sulphur content in the melt and bigger amounts of calcium. By means of the results, the formation of inclusions (calcium aluminates, calcium sulphides) could be reproduced and influences on the steel purity could be shown.     

Differential conditioning to a compound stimulus and its components in the terrestrial mollusc Limax maximus..

The neuronal mechanism of associative learning and memory storage operating in the central nervous system of the terrestrial mollusc Limax maximus has been modeled as a computer simulation called LIMAX (A. Gelperin et al [1985]). One test of the LIMAX model is to determine whether Limax can learn to avoid a compound stimulus composed of the mixture of two innately attractive odors without simultaneously learning an aversion to the individual odors comprising the mixture. We found that Limax can learn a strong aversion to odor A?+?B while odor A and odor B remain strongly attractive when presented individually. This result led us to reexamine the sensory coding scheme used in the LIMAX model to represent stimulus mixtures, and it suggests neurophysiological experiments to examine the actual chemosensory coding scheme used by Limax. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reductive Amination Without the Aldehyde: Use of a Ketolactol as an Aldehyde Surrogate

To overcome stability issues associated with the use of an aldehyde in a catalytic reductive amination reaction, a cyclic ketolactol (ω-hydroxylactone) was employed as an aldehyde surrogate to form a γ-aminoacid. The reaction proceeded most favorably over a Pt/C catalyst. The thermodynamics of each step were evaluated using density functional theory calculations, which correctly predicted the dominance of the ring-closed lactol reactant, yet suggested a preference for a ring-opened iminium intermediate upon the initial, slightly endoergic addition of amine substrate. Exoergic hydrogenation of this intermediate provided the thermodynamic driving force for the overall transformation. During development, the reaction was observed to depend significantly on the volumetric gas to liquid mass transfer coefficient (k_La) and this parameter was optimized to ensure successful scale up in a 400 L stirred tank reactor.     

Changing Microspatial Patterns of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms (SRM) during Cycling of Marine Stromatolite Mats

Microspatial arrangements of sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in surface microbial mats (~1.5 mm) forming open marine stromatolites were investigated. Previous research revealed three different mat types associated with these stromatolites, each with a unique petrographic signature. Here we focused on comparing “non-lithifying” (Type-1) and “lithifying” (Type-2) mats. Our results revealed three major trends: (1) Molecular typing using the dsrA probe revealed a shift in the SRM community composition between Type-1 and Type-2 mats. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) coupled to confocal scanning-laser microscopy (CSLM)-based image analyses, and ³⁵SO₄ ²⁻-silver foil patterns showed that SRM were present in surfaces of both mat types, but in significantly (p < 0.05) higher abundances in Type-2 mats. Over 85% of SRM cells in the top 0.5 mm of Type-2 mats were contained in a dense 130 μm thick horizontal layer comprised of clusters of varying sizes; (2) Microspatial mapping revealed that locations of SRM and CaCO₃ precipitation were significantly correlated (p < 0.05); (3) Extracts from Type-2 mats contained acylhomoserine-lactones (C4-, C6-, oxo-C6 C7-, C8-, C10-, C12-, C14-AHLs) involved in cell-cell communication. Similar AHLs were produced by SRM mat-isolates. These trends suggest that development of a microspatially-organized SRM community is closely-associated with the hallmark transition of stromatolite surface mats from a non-lithifying to a lithifying state.     

Serving regional demand in facility location

Location modelling is employed in urban and regional planning to site facilities that provide services of some sort. Issues to be considered usually include the number of facilities to locate, where to site those facilities and how demand is to be served. Given the geographic nature of location problems, a key issue is how to represent facilities and demand in geographic space. Traditionally, spatial abstraction as discrete demand is assumed as it simplifies model formulation and reduces computational complexity. However, errors in derived solutions are likely not negligible, especially when demand varies continuously across a region. This paper discusses a single facility location problem that considers demand to be continuously distributed and allows a facility to be located anywhere in space, the continuous Weber problem. An approach for dealing with continuous demand is proposed that is integrated through geographical information system (GIS) functionality. Empirical results highlight the advantages of the developed approach and the importance of solution integration with GIS.