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991.
992.
在乙酸乙酯介质中,2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺(DCNA)经重氮化和还原脱氨基"一锅煮"方法合成出3,5-二氯硝基苯.乙酸乙酯不仅作两相反应的溶剂,而且也提供还原剂.反应过程中没有棕色的二氧化氮废气产生,酸耗量少,且无副产物如醚类生成.对反应中亚硝酸钠用量、硫酸浓度及用量、乙酸乙酯用量、反应温度等因素进行了研究. 相似文献
993.
994.
超声波处理微污染水体技术研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
考察了用超声波降解水中低浓度三氯乙腈、氯代苦味碱、溴苯的动力学,并从工程角度分析了多种污染物共存、自然水体等复杂状态下的可行性。探讨了采用空气鼓泡、不控水温的操作方式。结果表明超声波可以较快地去除复杂水体中的多种有机污染物,氧化可在批式反应器与连续流反应器中进行,高流速可以提高反应器的空间与能量利用效率。 相似文献
995.
Mercury transformation across particulate control devices in six power plants of China: The co-effect of chlorine and ash composition 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper presents the results of field measurements on mercury speciation in six power plants of China by applying the Ontario hydro method. During the tests, flue gas was sampled simultaneously before and after particulate control devices (electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter baghouse) along with the pulverized coal, bottom ash and fly ash sampling. The amount of oxidized mercury in gas phase before and after ESP/FF suggests that mercury oxidation after combustion is a kinetically controlled process. The comparison of mercury speciation in different power plant indicates a clear relationship with coal type, especially the chlorine concentration and the basic ash compositions in coal. Both of the factors are analyzed quantitatively in this study. A new parameter C (ratio of chlorine in coal to base/acid ratio) has been introduced to evaluate the co-effect of the two factors above on mercury speciation. 相似文献
996.
Manika Varma‐Nair Christine A. Costello Karla S. Colle Hubert E. King 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2007,103(4):2642-2653
Gas hydrates formed in oil production pipelines are crystalline solids where hydrocarbon gas molecules such as methane, propane, and their mixtures are trapped in a cagelike structure by hydrogen‐bonded water molecules to form undesirable plugs. Methanol and glycol are currently used to prevent these plugs via thermodynamic inhibition. Small amounts of water‐soluble polymers may provide an alternate approach for preventing gas hydrates. In this study, we expand the fundamental understanding of water–polymer systems with differential scanning calorimetry. Nonfreezable bound water was used to quantify polymer–water interactions and relate them to the chemical structure for a series of polymers, including acrylamides, cyclic lactams, and n‐vinyl amides. For good interactions, the water structure needs to be stabilized through hydrophobic interactions. An increased hydrophobicity of the pendant group also appears to favor polymer performance as a gas hydrate inhibitor. Good inhibitors, such as poly(diethyl acrylamide) and poly(N‐vinyl caprolactam), also show higher heat capacities, which indicate higher hydrophobicity, than poor performers such as polyzwitterions, in which hydrophilicity dominated. The phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of dilute polymer solutions were also evaluated through measurements of the heat of demixing and lower critical solution temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2642–2653, 2007 相似文献
997.
The crystallization behavior of two polypropylene (PP) resins as used for biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and general injection mold applications, respectively, has been intensively investigated and compared by means of polarized light optical micrography (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It is found that both molecular weight distribution and isotacticity of polypropylene strongly affect its crystallization characteristics, e.g., the number of crystal nuclei at the initial stage, crystallization dynamics, the morphology, size and perfection of crystals in the final product, and so on. The results indicate an appropriate molecular structure is vital in producing high‐quality BOPP film. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1749–1754, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers. 相似文献
998.
A study to evaluate the tensile mechanical properties of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and BPO4/SPEEK composite membranes has been carried out. It is aimed to give an assessment of these materials for applications in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The stress–strain response of the membranes was measured as a function of the degree of sulfonation (DS) and the filler–matrix ratio. In addition, the effects of immersion in water at various temperatures were explored in situ by means of a homemade testing chamber fitted to the tensile analyzer. The results indicate that the DS has an important influence on the final mechanical behavior of the membranes. The introduction of the BPO4 solid filler leads to deterioration in mechanical performance compared to unfilled SPEEK. A general picture of the microstructural features influencing the mechanical properties of SPEEK and BPO4/SPEEK membranes is proposed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2380–2393, 2005 相似文献
999.
1000.
K. C. Cole C. Depecker M. Jutigny J.‐M. Lefebvre P. Krawczak 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2004,44(2):231-240
Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the evolution of structure in films of polyamide‐6 drawn on a Cellier tenter frame laboratory tester under conditions of simultaneous equibiaxial stretching and planar uniaxial stretching. The “tilted film” method was used to obtain trichroic spectra corresponding to the machine, transverse, and normal directions, as well the “structural factor” spectrum. From these it was possible to obtain information on the molecular orientation and the evolution of the crystalline structure. The starting films, prepared by melt casting from an extruder on a chilled roll, contained predominantly the mesomorphic β form. The structural factor spectra confirmed that strain‐induced transformation into the α form occurred upon drawing, and that the amount of α form increased with the extent of drawing. The trichroic spectra showed that the molecular orientation was localized mainly, but not exclusively, in the α form. Orientation functions could be determined for both the molecular chain axis and the normal to the hydrogen‐bonded sheets. For both the equibiaxial and planar uniaxial films, these sheets were found to be strongly oriented parallel to the plane of the film, with the degree of orientation increasing with overall draw ratio. For the biaxial samples, the molecular chain orientation was found to be equibiaxial, as expected. Mechanical test results indicated that the chains are evenly distributed in the film plane rather than showing a preference for the two orthogonal draw directions. For the planar uniaxial samples, the chain orientation was predominantly in the draw direction, but some degree of orientation in the transverse direction was also observed. The variation of orientation functions with draw ratio suggested that the α structure evolves in two stages, the first involving chain orientation in the draw direction and the second involving rotation of the sheets into the plane of the film. 相似文献