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81.
82.
Donald F. Santa 《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》1987,4(2):23-32
An end user can outperform its traditional supplier if the sum of (a) the price of gas paid to a producer or a marketer, (b) the rate paid for pipeline transportation, (c) the rate paid for distributor transportation (or in the alternative, the cost of bypassing the distributor), and (d) any other costs associated with the transaction, is less than the cost of gas currently paid to a distributor or a pipeline supplier. While an end user traditionally has relied on others to purchase, transport and deliver gas and to guarantee against interruption of supply, an end user in a direct purchase arrangement is sometimes responsible for assembling its own chain of supply and for protecting itself against interruption of supply. If an end user can reduce its purchased gas costs and if the risks inherent in arranging for its own supply are acceptable or can be mitigated suitably, a direct purchase arrangement is worth undertaking. 相似文献
83.
A differential equation is obtained for the shape of a reflecting surface which will distribute axially symmetric light intensity into a specified irradiance over a receiver surface which is symmetric about the direction of the incident light. Results are applied to the design of rotationally symmetric solar reflectors and also to a 2-dimensional geometry, that is one in which the reflector is a cylinder with its axis perpendicular to the incident beam. The procedure is used to numerically calculate the shape of reflectors which will uniformly concentrate collimated light and also light from a point source over a flat receiver surface. Results are also applied to determine the shape of a reflector which will distribute collimated light uniformly over the surface of a cylinder and also over a sphere. 相似文献
84.
David W. Hurtubise Donald A. Klosterman Alexander B. Morgan 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(14):6777-6788
Emergency and backup power is often enabled through the use of petrochemical based fuels and combustion-based generator systems, and while reliable, these backup power systems fail when petrochemical supplies are disrupted due to refinery, oil outages, or transportation delays. Fuel cells in some cases can serve as a backup to these traditional generators, but they also are fuel-limited to supplies of available energy sources. Recent work conducted in our laboratories focused on the development of a “backup” emergency hydrogen generation system that could be employed when existing energy stockpiles have failed or depleted. Specifically, aluminum metal can be used to generate hydrogen for fuel cells via hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. In this paper, we summarize the engineering work to produce a deployable aluminum to hydrogen generator which is capable of producing 3.75 kg of hydrogen per day from scrap aluminum feedstocks. The generator was built upon an aircraft deployable pallet, allowing for hydrogen to be generated remotely in cases of power and fuel outages. 相似文献
85.
Xue Lei Sun Changyin Wunsch Donald C. 《International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems》2019,17(5):1071-1083
International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems - The second-order consensus problem depends on not only the topology condition but also the coupling strength of the relative positions and... 相似文献
86.
James J. Welch Kirk J. Bertsche Peter G. Friedman Donald E. Morris Richard A. Muller Pieter P. Tans 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section B, Beam interactions with materials and atoms》1984,5(2):230-232
We have built and begun testing a small low energy negative ion cyclotron for direct detection of 14C. At present, the cyclotron is operated in a high resolution mode at the 31st harmonic, with 1–2 kV on the dees. The high harmonic and a minimum number of turns of approximately 100, should give a fwhm mass resolution of about — sufficient to suppress the background from molecular ions such as 13CH?. Background such as scattered ions of 12C? and 13C? should be totally suppressed by the cyclotron acceleration process. (At the 88″ cyclotron at LBL we found that ions only 1% off-resonance are suppressed by more than a factor of 1017.) A miniature Cs sputter source located at the center of the cyclotron is expected to provide more than 1 μA of negative carbon ions. Negative ions are used in order to eliminate the interference from 14N. Unlike high energy cyclotrons, focussing is obtained solely from the axial components of the accelerating electric field. The magnetic field is kept flat to within 1 part in 104 in order to maintain exact isochronism throughout the several thousand accelerating rf cycles. The low final energy of 40 keV eliminates any danger from radiation or need for shielding, and the final orbit radius of only 10.5 cm, reduce the size and cost of the machine to that of conventional mass spectrometers. 相似文献
87.
进行了^137Cs辐照和MAP综合处理对沙门氏菌在灭菌猪肉中致死和残存菌生长状况的研究。研究采用反应面设计,并由得到的数据推算回归方程。结果表明,沙门氏菌的致死明显受辐照剂量的影响,残存菌量的对数与辐照剂量成反比:而MAP对辐照沙门氏菌的致死无明显影响。5种不同CO2体积分数对沙门氏菌辐照后的残存菌生长也无明显影响。辐照和MAP综合处理并不比单纯辐照能更有效地控制沙门氏菌的致死和残存菌的生长。与空 相似文献
88.
Electric arc furnace (EAF) dusts contain significant quantities of zinc, mostly in the form of zinc oxide. This dust has been classified as a hazardous waste due to the presence of lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium. It is important that environmentally acceptable processes be developed to treat this waste. One possible alternative process would involve reacting the zinc oxide in the dust with either solid or liquid iron. In addition, in the carbothermic reduction processes, which have been designed to treat the dust, metallic iron is formed, and this iron can participate in the reduction of zinc oxide. In the present research, the reduction of zinc oxide by iron according to the reaction $ZnO_{(s)} + Fe_{(s)} = Zn_{(g)} + FeO_{(s)} $ was studied using a thermogravimetric technique. Briquettes of zinc oxide powder and electrolytic iron were reacted in the temperature range of 1073 to 1423 K in an argon atmosphere. First, a thermodynamic analysis was performed using the Facility for the Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics (F*A*C*T) computational system, and then the effect of experimental variables on the reaction kinetics was determined. These variables included argon gas flow rate, reaction temperature, reagent particle size, iron to zinc oxide ratio, aspect ratio of the briquette, briquetting pressure, and alkali and alkaline earth additions. It was found that, initially, the reaction was chemically controlled with an activation energy of 230 kJ/mol. Additions, such as sodium chloride and calcium fluoride, promoted the reaction, and the activation energies were 172.5 and 188.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Once a product layer had formed, the reaction was limited by the diffusion of zinc gas away from the reaction interface. The experimental data were fitted to a parabolic rate law, and the parabolic rate constant was found to be $k_p = - 2.47 + 0.0021 T(K)$ 相似文献
89.
Susan M. O’Donnell Rakesh K. Gelda Steven W. Effler Donald C. Pierson 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2011,137(8):678-688
Effective simulation of the fate and transport of runoff event inflows is an important goal of many water quality modeling initiatives. The set-up and testing of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic transport model is documented for a water supply reservoir, Schoharie Reservoir, New York, that uses specific conductance (SC) as a conservative tracer and focuses on fate and transport of runoff event inputs, particularly the plunging of density currents in summer and fall. Model testing is supported by temporally detailed measurements of meteorological, operational, and tributary (temperature and SC) model drivers, and temporally and spatially replete in-reservoir patterns of SC following multiple runoff events, obtained with a combination of robotic monitoring platforms and gridding with rapid profiling instrumentation. Specific conductance is demonstrated to be an ideal tracer because of the distinct tributary signals and subsequent in-reservoir signatures imparted from runoff events and its close coupling to turbidity patterns that are primary water quality concerns for managers. The model is demonstrated to perform well in simulating in-reservoir signatures of SC following multiple runoff events over the spring to fall interval of 2003, including vertical, longitudinal, and temporal patterns, and features of the thermal stratification regime for the same interval. The validated model is applied in a probabilistic manner on the basis of a 61-year record (239 runoff events) of model drivers to provide a robust representation of the transport of runoff event inputs relative to the location of the water supply intake. This application demonstrates the entry of runoff event inflows as plunging density currents in summer and fall is a recurring phenomenon for this reservoir. 相似文献
90.
Donald J. Gray 《Chemical Engineering Communications》1987,61(1):151-158
The effect of impeller off bottom clearance on the power input requirement for off bottom solid suspension was examined for 45° pitched blade impellers in flat and round bottom fully baffled agitated vessels. Results showed a similar dependence as obtained for radial flow impellers when similar flow patterns were observed. The dependence appears to be independent of the impeller diameter to tank diameter ratio and vessel shape. 相似文献