Losses of chemical energy in hard-coal energy-utilization exothermic processes

In the sequence of occurrence, these processes are the losses in coal production, processing losses, and the losses in electrical-energy generation. These losses are evaluated.     

Ammonolysis of (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Technological parameters of the ammonolysis of (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane to (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane have been determined. Influence of temperature, reaction time and the molar ratio of ammonia to (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane has been examined. Influence of the parameters has been described using the following factors describing the process: the degree of conversion of (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane and the selectivity of transformation to (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane in relation to consumed (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane.     

Special applications of fluorinated organic compounds

The applications of fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) as finishing agent for fabrics, components of extinguishing agents, electroplating bathes, lubricating oils, oxygen carriers in blood substitutes have been discussed. Recent achievements in methods of the fluorination and general principles of the synthesis of useful perfluorinated organic compounds are given as well.     

Magnetit in Eisenerzsintern

Eigenschaften von Magnetit. Erörterung bisheriger Untersuchungsergebnisse an Hand des Schrifttums. Erscheinungsbild des Magnetits in selbstgängigen und hochbasischen Sintern. Bildungsverhältnisse bei Anwesenheit von Calcium, Magnesium und Aluminium. Einfluβ der Bedingungen während des Sinter- und Abkühlungsvorganges auf die Kristallisation des Magnetits. Rückschlüsse auf Sinterfestigkeit und Reduzierbarkeit.     

Synthesis of 2-Propanoyl-5-Norbornene in Pyridinium Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by Yttrium Salts

Abstract  

The use of pyridinium ionic liquids as solvent and catalytic systems based on yttrium salts dissolved in pyridinium ionic liquids for the synthetically important Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and ethyl-vinyl ketone was studied. Both chloride and triflate were active catalysts in cycloaddition, strongly improving the reaction rate and stereoselectivity. The catalytic system—1 mol% YCl₃/[C₄-3-C₁py][OTf] (N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate) proved to be stable under recycling conditions.     

Simulations and analyses of arched brick structures

The paper presents problems related to the assessment of historical objects, especially brick arch structures, in view of potential improvement of their strength using various technologies. We have presented the methodology and computer simulations used for assessment of present strain and load bearing capacity of brick arches along with a variety of reinforcement techniques. We also present arch deformation FEM analysis along with results of assessment of actual objects.     

Robotics in Civil Engineering

Abstract: Robots have been investigated for automation of construction, maintenance, and inspection of civil works since the early 1980s. This paper describes the progress of robotics in civil engineering from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. It focuses on the environment and motivation for implementation of robotics, identifies key centers of development, identifies regional differences, and describes progress in key areas. It also traces the emergence and change of development strategies over time, it identifies practical achievements, and it identifies key developments for the future. It concludes that despite many false starts and setbacks, significant progress has been made, and significant changes are on the horizon.     

Formation of cyanide as a product of decomposition of cyanogenic glucosides in the treatment of elderberry fruit (Sambucus nigra)

Distribution of cyanogenic glucosides contained in elderberry fruit was investigated in the course of technological operations usually utilised for obtaining musts. The degree of glucoside hydrolysis was estimated by the amount of liberated hydrogen cyanide. After fermentation on skins the must contained 2.08 mg litre^?1 of hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide in the must from depectinised fruit pulp was at a level of 2.31 mg litre^?1. After heat treatment the must contained 1.07 mg litre^?1 of hydrogen cyanide.     

The influence of the solvent on the epoxidation of cis,trans,trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to trans-1,2-epoxy-cis,trans-5,9-cyclododecadiene by catalytic system tert-butyl hydroperoxide/Mo(CO)6

The epoxidation of cis,trans,trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to trans-1,2-epoxy- cis,trans-5,9-cyclododecadiene with the use of commercial solution of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in various organic solvents:tert-butyl peroxide, isooctane, decane, and nonane was investigated. The process was investigated in different experimental conditions. The best results were achieved with the application of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in isooctane. A significant influence of the nature of the solvent on the results of trans-1,2-epoxy-cis,trans-5,9-cyclododecadiene synthesis was found.