设计电解槽阳极时应考虑的因素

序言铝工业趋向采用低电流密度的大型多爪头阳极,所以考虑对使用中阳极有影响的起作用的机械应力和热应力的设计因素变得更加重要。设计时应该使合成应力不超过碳块的机械强度极限,同时要使钢爪和碳块间的接触电压降为最小。     

Fast template tracking in video sequences

Tracking of poorly defined, rotating and/or distorted objects in a video sequence poses significant problems especially in medical diagnostics including ultrasound (sonographic) video used for examination and diagnosis of internal movement of tissue or muscle and nerve action. Cross-correlation techniques have been successful in retrieving dynamic information directly from ultrasound video data. We outline a fast implementation of tracking based on normalized cross-correlation using an adaptive template and present results from our application, developed in MATLAB?, which successfully tracks arbitrarily selected objects in deformed or severely compromised images. Common ultrasound image evaluation is qualitative but there is need to retrieve quantitative dynamic information such as the trajectory or velocity of selected areas. Our approach uses normalized two-dimensional cross-correlation to find the position of an initially selected template enclosing the feature of interest and map its trajectory frame-by-frame to produce displacement and velocity plots. We illustrate operation of the application using routine ultrasound data and demonstrate its performance using test video of objects rotating full circle and rolling down a ramp. We analyse errors associated with sampling to compare performance of our implementation with a more rigorous but tedious and computationally expensive correlation of a resampled, rotated, and shifted template.     

Note: Simultaneous electrical and optical detection of expanding dense partially ionized vapour clouds

The scheme and construction of an electro-optical probe able to collect charge and detect optical emission from expanding dense partially ionized vapour clouds are reported. The instrument can be applied to phenomena such as dust impact ionization and solid target laser ablation. First, results of measurements of expanding plasma cloud formed upon ablating W target are presented. Use of the instrument in different experimental facilities, including tokamak, is discussed.     

Influence of the land use pattern on the concentrations and fluxes of priority pollutants in urban stormwater

This paper presents the results of the concentrations (μg/L) and fluxes (g/ha) of priority substances in stormwater from three watersheds with different land use patterns (namely, residential, urban dense, high urban density). Samples were collected at the outlet of these watersheds. Thirteen chemical groups were investigated corresponding to 88 individual substances before treatment. Results showed that stormwater discharges contained 55 substances, among them some metals, organotins, PAHs, PCBs, alkylphenols, pesticides, phthalates, cholorophenols and volatile organic compounds. Therefore, stormwater was highly contaminated. However, this contamination was often comparable from site to site, since no significant difference of the pollutant load was observed between the land use patterns.     

The fate of 14C-radiolabelled diclofenac and 4'-hydroxydiclofenac in membrane bioreactor treatment of wastewater

This study aimed at enhancing knowledge on the fate of diclofenac (DF), together with its main human metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac (4'OHDF), during wastewater treatment by using a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The reactor was fed continuously with non-radiolabelled diclofenac for a one month period prior to a single pulse of a 14C-radiolabelled solution of DF and 4'OHDF. The solution spike contained approximately 25% 4'OHDF and 65% DF, which corresponds to the ratio observed in municipal sewage, as well as traces of two other metabolites. The radioactivity was monitored for a total of twelve days in the various output streams. The calculation of the complete mass balance in the system demonstrated that the major part of the radioactivity left the reactor with the permeate (88.7%), while 2.1% was recovered in the excess sludge. Negligible amounts were recovered in the off-gas traps and on the membranes. Chromatographic analyses of effluent samples, by means of HPLC-MS coupled in parallel to a radiodetector, displayed a different pattern than the one of the spiked solution. It showed the occurrence of three additional metabolites.     

抽水蓄能机组设计经验

抽水蓄能电站机组的设计必须保证高峰负荷运行的高可用性和可靠性。在过去50多年间。阿尔斯通公司为提升机组运行性能、效率和可靠性,不断改进其设计。深入研究了阿尔斯通公司设计和安装可逆式抽水蓄能电站的经验。     

A scalable kernel-based semisupervised metric learning algorithm with out-of-sample generalization ability

In recent years, metric learning in the semisupervised setting has aroused a lot of research interest. One type of semisupervised metric learning utilizes supervisory information in the form of pairwise similarity or dissimilarity constraints. However, most methods proposed so far are either limited to linear metric learning or unable to scale well with the data set size. In this letter, we propose a nonlinear metric learning method based on the kernel approach. By applying low-rank approximation to the kernel matrix, our method can handle significantly larger data sets. Moreover, our low-rank approximation scheme can naturally lead to out-of-sample generalization. Experiments performed on both artificial and real-world data show very promising results.     

电弧闪光

电弧闪光与触电相比有很大的不同。当一个人触电的时候,电流会在人体的敏感组织（主要是神经）间通过,从而产生影响。电弧闪光通常在空气导电时产生,其的主要成因是两个接触的导体再次分离时将电流拉出。当电弧产生时,形成的缺口内充满了电离子,其数量迅速上升,尤其是在高压／低阻的供电情况下,例如电力输送线,这种情况更加明显。任何大于50V的电路都有可能产生电弧闪光。     

A new bioreactor for the controlled application of complex mechanical stimuli for cartilage tissue engineering

Mechanical stimuli have been shown to enhance chondrogenesis on both animal and human chondrocytes cultured in vitro. Different mechanical stimuli act simultaneously in vivo in cartilage tissue and their effects have been extensively studied in vitro, although often in a separated manner. A new bioreactor is described where different mechanical stimuli, i.e. shear stress and hydrostatic pressure, can be combined in different ways to study the mechanobiology of tissue engineered cartilage. Shear stress is imposed on cells by forcing the culture medium through the scaffolds, whereas a high hydrostatic pressure up to 15 MPa is generated by pressurizing the culture medium. Fluid-dynamic experimental tests have been performed and successful validation of the bioreactor has been carried out by dynamic culture of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. The bioreactor system allows the investigation of the combined effects of different mechanical stimuli on the development of engineered cartilage, as well as other possible three-dimensional tissue-engineered constructs.     

驾驭电力

控制工程师也许会天真地认为,设备管理者会像变魔术般为他们搭建好的自动化系统提供数量充足、质量上乘的电能。但事实是,这些自动化系统很可能会打乱电力分配体系的平衡状态,并降低供电质量。同时,控制工程师时常会过分追求供电质量,从而心生报怨。