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81.
Three-layer flow membrane system on a microchip for investigation of molecular transport 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Surmeian M Slyadnev MN Hisamoto H Hibara A Uchiyama K Kitamori T 《Analytical chemistry》2002,74(9):2014-2020
A stable three-layer flow system, water/organic solvent/water, has been successfully applied for the first time in a microchannel to get rapid transport through an organic liquid membrane. In the continuous laminar flow region, the analyte (methyl red) was rapidly extracted across the microchannel from the donor to the acceptor phase through the organic solvent phase (cyclohexane). Thermal lens microscopy was used to monitor the process. The thickness of the organic phase, sandwiched by the two aqueous phases, was approximately 64 microm, and it was considered as a thin liquid organic membrane. Permeability studies showed the effects of molecular diffusion, layer thickness, and organic solvent-water partition coefficient on the molecular transport. In the microchip, complete equilibration was achieved in several seconds, in contrast to a conventionally used apparatus, where it takes tens of minutes. The thickness of the organic and aqueous boundary layers was defined as equal to the microchannel dimensions, and the organic solvent-water partition coefficient was determined on a microchip using the liquid/liquid extraction system. Experimental data on molecular transport across the organic membrane were in agreement with the calculated permeability based on the three-compartment water/organic solvent/water model. This kind of experiment can be performed only in a microspace, and the system can be considered as a potential biological membrane for future in vitro study of drug transport. 相似文献
82.
Motion of an antiviral compound in a rhinovirus capsid under rotational symmetry boundary conditions
A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a complex of a rhinovirus protein shell referred to as a "capsid" and an anti-rhinovirus drug, WIN52084s, was performed under the rotational symmetry boundary conditions. For the simulation, the energy parameters of WIN52084s in all-atom approximations were determined by ab initio calculations using a 6-31G* basis set and the two-conformational two-stage restricted electrostatic potential fit method. The motion of WIN52084s and the capsid was focused on in the analysis of the trajectory of the simulation. The root mean square deviations of WIN52084s from the X-ray structure were decomposed to conformational, translational, and rotational components. The translation was further decomposed to radial, longitudinal, and lateral components. The conformation of WIN52084s was rigid, but moving in the pocket. The easiest path of motion for WlN52084s was on the longitudinal line, providing a track for the binding process required of the anti-rhinovirus drug to enter the pocket. The conformation of the pocket was also preserved in the simulation, although the position of the pocket in the capsid fluctuated in the lateral and radial directions. 相似文献
83.
Toshikazu Takeda Toshiki Okamoto Akira Inoue Shinya Kosaka Hideaki Ikeda 《Annals of Nuclear Energy》2006
The anisotropic scattering effect to keff is studied for UO2 and MOX fueled BWR assemblies. The anisotropic scattering effect increases the assembly k∞ by 0.44% Δk for the UO2 assembly with 0% void fraction, and by 0.21% Δk for the MOX assembly with 0% void fraction. This is because the anisotropic scattering effect flattens the intra-assembly thermal flux, and the absorption rate in the surrounding water gap is decreased, but the absorption rates in the MOX fuel rods are increased compared to the UO2 rods. Therefore, the total decrease in absorption rates in the UO2 assembly is relatively large, and the k∞ is increased in the UO2 assembly. The dependence of the anisotropic scattering effect on the void fraction is investigated, and the significant difference of 0.62% Δk/k is found for the 0% and the 80% void fractions. The BWR assemblies with Gd rods are also considered. Furthermore, the usefulness of the transport cross section is investigated, and it is found that the transport cross section gives reasonable anisotropic scattering effect, though not satisfactory. 相似文献
84.
Grain-growth inhibition in an Fe-10 mass pct Ni alloy, which was continuously cooled from a melt, was studied at 1673 K in
the presence of primary deoxidation products of ZrO2 or MgO particles. The mean grain size and grain-size distribution in a cross section were measured as a function of holding
time for up to 240 minutes. The grain growth was strongly inhibited by the inclusion particles and was influenced by the dissolved
Zr. In the Zr deoxidation, the number of particles per unit area (N
A) ranged from 80 to 650 mm−2, the ZrO2 particle size (
) varied from 1.1 to 1.6 μm, and the dissolved Zr level was below 1800 mass ppm. In the Mg deoxidation, the particle-number density was 90 to 270 mm−2, the MgO particle size was 1.1 to 1.7 μm, and the dissolved Mg level was below 20 mass ppm. In a logarithmic plot of the ratio of limiting mean grain diameter (
) to the mean particle diameter (
) against the volume fraction of particles (f
V), both the
value for a given f
V value, which ranged from 0.014 to 0.074 pct, and the slope were significantly lower than that predicted from the two-dimensional
relation
=(4/π) · f
V
/−1
, i.e., Zener’s limit. This discrepancy is discussed in light of the fraction of particles at the grain boundaries measured experimentally.
Normal grain growth was confirmed from the grain-size distribution observed as a function of holding time, which was best
described by the log-normal distribution. 相似文献
85.
JM Mariner JB McMahon BR O'Keefe K Nagashima MR Boyd 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,248(3):841-845
Concentrations of the potent, HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) inactivating protein, cyanovirin-N (CV-N), which completely inhibit HIV-1 infectivity, do not block the binding of soluble CD4-receptor (sCD4) to HIV-1 lysates nor the attachment of intact HIV-1 virions to several target T-cell lines. Furthermore, in contrast to the known disassociative effects of sCD4 on viral envelope glycoproteins, treatment of HIVRF with high concentrations of CV-N results in complete viral inactivation but without apparent shedding of gp120 or other ultrastructural changes. These results are consistent with the view that the virucidal effects of CV-N result from interference with step(s) in the fusion process subsequent to the initial binding of the virus to target cells. 相似文献
86.
Yoshio Iwai Shinji Miyamoto Hideaki Ikeda Yasuhiko Arai Shigetoshi Kobuchi Yuji Sano 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1993,33(6):322-327
The mutual diffusion coefficients for styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR)-n-nonane systems were measured using a sorption apparatus with a quartz spring at 100 and 130°C for mass fractions of n-nonane ranging from 0 to 0.16. The mutual diffusion coefficients were correlated with good agreement by the free-volume theory. 相似文献
87.
It has been reported that, compared with TAG, DAG suppresses postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia and reduces visceral fat
levels in experimental animals and humans. To clarify the mechanism responsible for these beneficial effects, we compared
the lymphatic transport of 1,3-DAG, a major isomer of DAG, and TAG in rats. Male SD rats, after insertion of a cannula into
the thoracic duct, were given 1,3-di[1-14C]oleoylglycerol or tri[1-14C]oleoylglycerol via a stomach tube. The 24-h receovery of the radioactivity from 1,3-di[14C]oleoylglycerol in the lymph was slightly but significantly lower than that from tri[14C]oleoylglycerol (81.3±1.0 vs. 86.5±1.2%, respectively). However, in the first 1-h interval after administration, the recovery
of radioactivity from 1,3-dioleoylglycerol was almost half of that from trioleoylglycerol (17.5±2.0 vs. 31.1±1.4%). The amount
of TAG and phospholipids secreted into the lymph was significantly lower 1 h after the administration of 1,3-dioleoylglycerol
compared with that after the administration of trioleoylglycerol. More than 90% of the radioactivity recovered in the lymph
in the first 3 h was distributed in the TAG fraction for both 1,3-dioleoylglycerol and trioleoylglycerol. These results suggest
that slower lymphatic transport of 1,3-DAG compared with TAG could be a factor in the suppression of postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia.
The possibility that the slower lymphatic transport of DAG contributes to the antiobesity action observed in the feeding of
1,3-DAG cannot be excluded. 相似文献
88.
Simulation of characteristics of a SiO2/c-axis-oriented LiNbO3/diamond surface acoustic wave 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shikata S Hachigo A Nakahata H 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2004,51(12):1683-1689
High-frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices based on diamond that have been realized to date utilize c-axis-oriented ZnO as the piezoelectric thin film. This material, with SiO2 overlay, shows excellent characteristics of a high phase velocity of over 10,000 m/s and a zero temperature coefficient, and it has been successfully applied to high-frequency SAW filters and resonators. To expand on materials used on diamond, the theoretical calculation has been carried out for LiNbO3/diamond, and a high electromechanical coupling coefficient up to 9.0% is expected. In this work, the characteristics of SiO2/LiNbO3/diamond were studied by computer simulation, emphasizing a zero temperature coefficient with a high coupling coefficient. Calculations are carried out for the phase velocity, the electromechanical coupling coefficient, and the temperature coefficient of the Rayleigh wave and its higher mode Sezawa wave. As a result, SiO2/IDT/LiNbO3/diamond is found to offer a zero temperature coefficient with a very high coupling coefficient up to 10.1% in conjunction with a high phase velocity of 12,100 m/s. 相似文献
89.
Koizumi H Yamamoto T Maki A Yamashita Y Sato H Kawaguchi H Ichikawa N 《Applied optics》2003,42(16):3054-3062
We will briefly review the present status of optical topography and then discuss the method of improving practicality, i.e., the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the spatial resolution in observations of higher-order brain functions. The optimum wavelength pair improved the S/N ratio sixfold for deoxyhemoglobin, and new configurations of light irradiation and detection positions doubled the spatial resolution. We also report on developing application fields of optical topography. This modality will bridge the gap between natural sciences, neuroscience, and pedagogy, and show actual real-time brain activity. 相似文献
90.
Hisamoto H Shimizu Y Uchiyama K Tokeshi M Kikutani Y Hibara A Kitamori T 《Analytical chemistry》2003,75(2):350-354
Here we report a design and synthesis of a chemically functional polymer membrane by an interfacial polycondensation reaction and multilayer flow inside a microchannel. Single and parallel dual-membrane structures are successfully prepared by using organic/aqueous two-layer flow and organic/aqueous/organic three-layer flow inside the microchannel followed by an interfacial polycondensation reaction. By using the inner-channel membrane, permeation of ammonia species through the inner-channel membrane is successfully achieved. Furthermore, horseradish peroxidase is immobilized on one side of the membrane surface to integrate the chemical transform function onto the inner-channel membrane. Here substrate permeation through the membrane and subsequent chemical transformation at the membrane surface are realized. The polymer membrane prepared inside the microchannel has an important role in ensuring stable contact of different phases such as gas/liquid or liquid/ liquid and the permeation of chemical species through the membrane. Furthermore, membrane surface modification chemistry allows chemical transformation of permeated chemical species. These methods are expected to lead to development of complicated and sophisticated chemical systems involving membrane permeation and chemical reactions. 相似文献