Biodegradation of Aqueous Organic Matter over Seasonal Changes: Bioreactor Experiments with Indigenous Lake Water Bacteria

Artificial groundwater recharge for drinking water production involves infiltration of surface water through sandy soil and its capture into a groundwater aquifer. The transformation of aqueous organic matter is one of the central issues in this process. The purpose of this work was to assess the potential of indigenous microorganisms in the source water to contribute in the aqueous organic matter biodegradation. For this purpose, microorganisms were enriched from the source water in a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and used for kinetic studies on biodegradation of organic matter at ambient temperature range. Lake water (total organic carbon 5.8?mg?L?1) was continuously fed to the FBR containing porous carrier material to support biomass retention. In the inlet and outlet water there were on average 21±6 and 13±5×105?cells?mL?1, respectively. Biofilm accumulation (as volatile solids) reached 13.1?mg?g?1 dw carrier. In the continuous-flow mode and the batch tests, the highest oxygen consumption rate appeared in the summer, followed by the fall, spring, and winter. At low temperatures, the biodegradation of aqueous organic matter was relatively rapid initially for labile fractions followed by a slower phase for refractory fractions. The average temperature coefficient (Q10) in the system was 2.3 illustrating a strong temperature dependency of oxygen consumption. The isotopic analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon δ13CDIC analysis revealed 27 and 69% mineralizations of dissolved organic carbon at 23 and 6°C over 65 and 630 min, respectively. These results can be used to construct additional input parameters in modeling applications of artificial groundwater recharge process. The biological component especially, i.e., the biodegradation, is difficult to predict for on-site applications without experimental proof and thus the interpretation in this study will help formulate design predictions for the process.     

如何为多媒体显示屏幕提供高性能的照明管理

高集成度的照明管理单元内置多个发光二极管驱动器(见图1),能以极高的效率驱动新一代蜂窝式手机彩屏的白色及红绿蓝(RGB)发光二极管,有助于节省能源,延长电池寿命。由于3G手机须采用彩色显示屏幕及发光技术,例如翻盖照明、彩色指示灯、相机闪光灯、辅助照明、以及环境光感测功能等,因此有必要用更先进的照明管理解决方案以满足照明方面的种种要求。为手机提供背光的白色发光二极管目前几乎所有蜂窝式手机都有一个或两个彩色显示屏幕。虽然它们要求的背光技术水平会因所需白色发光二极管数目的不同而各异,但目前大部分手机的主显示屏幕都采…     

Aromasubstanzen des G?rungsessigs

Zusammenfassung In dem nach dem Schnellessigverfahren hergestellten Spritessig konnte als Aromastoff gaschromatographisch nur Äthylacetat, bei den untersuchten Wein- und Obstessigproben dagegen Acetoin, Isoamylalkohol, opt. akt. Amylalkohol, Isobutanol, Äthylacetat, Isoamylacetat, Isobutylacetat, Diacetyl und sek. Butanol gefunden werden. Nur ein Teil, ungefähr bis zu 200 mg/l des in Spritessig enthaltenen Äthylacetates, wird während der Herstellung gebildet, der Hauptanteil der im Handelsessig enthaltenen, bis zu 1500 mg/l betragenden Äthylacetatmenge dagegen im Verlaufe der Lagerung.     

Structural Characterization of Aluminum Phosphate Binder

The chemical structure of aluminum phosphate binder, which is used as a sealant for thermally sprayed coatings, was studied. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the binder was a mixture of several phases. None of these phases could be identified from the powder XRD data only. Electron diffraction revealed several distinct microcrystalline phases. The predominated phase was analyzed in more detail. The three-dimensional reciprocal lattice was reconstructed from a tilt series of electron-diffraction patterns that indicated that the main phase was the cyclohexaphosphate Al₂P₆O₁₈. The similarity of the intensity distribution in the observed and simulated electron-diffraction patterns of Al₂P₆O₁₈ confirmed this observation. The following unit-cell parameters were determined from the reconstructed reciprocal lattice: a = 8.8(7) Å, b = 15.5(6) Å, and c = 6.3(9) Å, β= 108°, and Z = 2. The reflection conditions indicated that the space group was P 2₁/ a .     

Direction of glucose fermentation towards hydrogen or ethanol production through on-line pH control

The present study investigated the production of hydrogen (H₂) and ethanol from glucose in an Anaerobic Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (ACSTR). Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and pH on the preference of producing H₂ and/or ethanol and other soluble metabolic products in an open anaerobic enriched culture were studied. Production rates of H₂ and ethanol increased with the increase of biomass concentration. Open anaerobic fermentation was directed and managed through on-line pH control for the production of H₂ or ethanol. Hydrogen was produced by ethanol and acetate-butyrate type fermentations. pH has strong effect on the H₂ or ethanol production by changing fermentation pathways. ACSTR produced mainly ethanol at over pH 5.5 whereas highest H₂ production was obtained at pH 5.0. pH 4.9 favored the lactate production and accumulation of lactate inhibited the biomass concentration in the reactor and the production of H₂ and ethanol. The microbial community structure quickly responded to pH changes and the Clostridia dominated in ACSTR during the study. H₂ production was maintained mainly by Clostridium butyricum whereas in the presence of Bacillus coagulans glucose oxidation was directed to lactate production.     

Bioelectricity production on xylose with a compost enrichment culture

An exoelectrogenic culture was enriched on 1.0 g/L xylose from a compost sample in two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Electricity production was optimized by changing mixing type, external resistance, xylose concentration and pH. Furthermore, the changes in microbial communities after each optimization step were monitored with PCR-DGGE. Electricity production was highly dependent on operational conditions that affected power densities (PD), Coulombic efficiencies (CE), substrate degradation, utilization of soluble metabolites for electricity production and stability of MFC performance. The optimum operational conditions for electricity production were without mixing, 100 Ω external resistance, 0.5 g/L xylose and pH 7. With optimized operational conditions PD of 590 mW/m² and CE of 82% were obtained. Microbial community composition, consisting mainly of Geobacter sulfurreducens, Escherichia coli, Sphaerochaeta sp. TQ1 and Bacteroides species, was mainly affected by MFC configuration, i.e. electrical connections, which likely affected the anode potential.     

Burnout of pulverized biomass particles in large scale boiler – Single particle model approach

Burning of coal and biomass particles are studied and compared by measurements in an entrained flow reactor and by modelling. The results are applied to study the burning of pulverized biomass in a large scale utility boiler originally planned for coal. A simplified single particle approach, where the particle combustion model is coupled with one-dimensional equation of motion of the particle, is applied for the calculation of the burnout in the boiler. The particle size of biomass can be much larger than that of coal to reach complete burnout due to lower density and greater reactivity. The burner location and the trajectories of the particles might be optimised to maximise the residence time and burnout.