Investigation of shielding method of ELF magnetic field generated from conductors

We have studied experimentally the shielding method of ELF magnetic field applied to the source of line conductors. For the single‐phase line current, it appears to be difficult to achieve effective shielding. On the other hand, for the balanced three‐phase conductors, including triangle and twisted configuration, a certain reduction of generated magnetic field was achieved by adjusting the configuration of conductors or by surrounding the conductors with cylindrical shielding materials made of ferromagnetic materials or nonferromagnetic metals. Normalized characteristics between phase current, distance between source current and observation point, distance between phase conductors, and the pitch of twisted cable were derived. In addition, the effect of unbalanced current was also investigated. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(2): 12–19, 2000     

Impingement heat transfer by jet issuing from a cross-shaped nozzle

Heat transfer characteristics and flow patterns were measured over a plate for various separation distances between the nozzle exit and target plate when air issues from a sharp-edged cross-shaped nozzle and impinges on a plate. The local heat transfer coefficients in the radial direction for different circumferential positions were calculated using the wall temperatures measured by means of thermocouples, and flow patterns were observed using an oil-titanium IV oxide method. The isotherms of the infrared images were also measured using an infrared radiometer with a two-dimensional array of indium-antimony (InSb) sensors. The geometric axes were switched as a result of the self-induced velocity of a vortex filament; the convex corners became flat and the concave corners generated outward ejection. The distributions of the iso-heat transfer coefficient contours correspond well to the flow pattern and the isotherm contours. These contours extended diagonally and demonstrated the St. Andrew's cross pattern for short separations, subsequently changing to an octagonal pattern, and then becoming circular at large separations. The correspondence of the heat transfer characteristics to the flow behavior, as well as the heat transfer mechanism are also described. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Jpn Res, 27(3): 192–204, 1998     

Fabrication and properties of one-mask-patterned ferroelectric integrated capacitors

A one-mask-patterned ferroelectric capacitor test structure designed with a 0.5-μm feature size was fabricated. Oxygen plasma treatment after dry etching decreased the leakage current to as low as that of as-deposited film. These one-mask-patterned ferroelectric capacitors, with switching charge almost equal to as-deposited film, were successfully fabricated. Ferroelectric memories as dense as dynamic random access memories will become possible with this technology. However, the leakage current density for micron-sized capacitors is 2 to 10 times that of large capacitors. The leakage current in small capacitors is increased due to perimeter leakage that runs through the damaged region on the capacitor sidewall. © Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(1): 43–50, 1997     

Fin efficiency of serrated fins: Part 1. Analysis of theoretical fin efficiency and experimental results

The fin efficiency of serrated fins was analyzed, and an analytical solution was derived as a function of modified Bessel functions. Two assumptions, i.e., thermal insulation at the end surfaces of segmented sections, and a uniform heat transfer coefficient over the fin surface, were employed in this analysis. To determine the effect of these assumptions, a heat transfer experiment was performed. From a comparison of the experimentally evaluated fin efficiencies with the analytical solution, a correction factor was obtained for a typical serrated fin configuration. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 28(6): 528–540, 1999     

Method of Evaluating Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Tempered Martensitic Steel Showing Intergranular Fracture

A stress application method in delayed fracture susceptibility tests was investigated using 1450 MPa class tempered martensitic steel. Its fracture mode under hydrogen charging was mainly intergranular because of its relatively small Si content of 0.21 mass pct. The conditions for consistency in fracture strength between tensile tests and constant load tests (CLTs) were clarified: first, to conduct hydrogen precharging before stress application; and second, to choose a sufficiently low crosshead speed in tensile tests. When hydrogen precharging was not conducted before CLTs, the fracture strength was higher than the values in CLTs with hydrogen charging and in tensile tests. If the crosshead speed was too high, the fracture strength obtained was higher than the values in CLTs. The dependence of the fracture strength on crosshead speed was seen for both notched and smooth bar specimens. These results suggested that plastic deformation, i.e., dislocation motion, was related to intergranular fracture with a tear pattern as well as to quasi-cleavage fracture. In addition, cathodic electrolysis in an alkaline solution containing NaOH should be used as the hydrogen charging method to avoid the effects of corrosion.     

Effect of fins on forced convection heat transfer around a tube in an aligned‐arranged tube bundle

The effect of fins on heat transfer around a tube in an aligned‐arranged tube bundle was investigated experimentally, and the obtained results were compared for three arrangements, i.e., single tube, single tube row, and staggered‐arrangement. It was found from the experiment that the effect of fins begins to appear in an aligned‐arrangement with larger fin spacing than in a staggered‐arrangement. The degradation in the local heat transfer coefficient due to fins can be recognized not only on the rear region of the tube, as observed in other arrangements, but also on the frontal region. As a result of this phenomenon, the degradation in the average heat transfer coefficient in an aligned‐arrangement becomes larger than in other arrangements with the same fin spacing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(8): 555–563, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20091     

Contents of eight harmful elements in baby toys and their migration tests

Levels of eight harmful elements, i.e., antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium, were investigated in 45 baby toys and 10 paints, which were mainly made of polyvinyl chloride. All samples contained barium at levels of 0.3-3,700 mg/kg, several samples contained cadmium (0.2-26 mg/kg), chromium (0.5-280 mg/kg) and lead (1.5-1,300 mg/kg), and one sample contained antimony (5.3 mg/kg). They might have been used as colorants of the toy materials and paints. They were then evaluated using the migration test of ISO 8124-3, in which samples were ground up, and then soaked in 0.07 mol/L HCl at 37 degrees C for two hours. Barium, cadmium, chromium and lead migrated from some of the samples, but at levels lower than the migration limits required by ISO 8124-3. Compared with the Japanese official method, the ISO method resulted in higher migration, but there are significant differences in the migration limits, test method, and so on between them. Further investigation is needed in this area.     

Surface-modified mesoporous silicas as recyclable adsorbents of an endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A

Surface-modified mesoporous silicas (MSs) were investigated for recyclable adsorption of an endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A (BPA). Surface-modified MSs were prepared by (i) post-synthesis surface modification of MSs using surface hydroxyl groups and organosilanes (m-MS) and by (ii) co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane and the corresponding organosilanes (d-MS). Infrared measurements indicated that organic groups mainly existed on the surface of m-MS, which resulted in a surface characterized by high hydrophobicity. Both organic groups and isolated hydroxyl groups existed on the surface of d-MS, resulting in both hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity on the surface. The amount of BPA adsorbed on surface-modified MSs per organic group was similar for m-MS and d-MS, however, the d-MS established equilibrium for BPA adsorption faster than m-MS, as measured by UV-vis spectra. A larger amount of BPA per surface area could be adsorbed on carbon materials than on the surface-modified MSs, however, the regeneration of carbon materials by washing could not be done easily. The surface-modified MSs retain adsorption capacity for BPA after several regeneration cycles, demonstrating that the surface-modified MSs are effective recyclable adsorbents of the endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A.