Lilian Anne Krug  Douglas Francisco Marcolino Gherardi  José Luiz Stech  Zelinda Margarida De Andrade Nery Leão  Ruy Kenji Papa De Kikuchi 《International journal of remote sensing》2013,34(13):4059-4074

The relation between climate variability and coral bleaching in the Bahia reefs was investigated in an attempt to characterize the bleaching environments. The following 13-year time series were derived from the remote-sensing, analysis and reanalysis data: maximum summertime sea surface temperature (SST), maximum sea surface temperature (MaxSST) accumulated in 5 days (SSTAc5day), diffuse attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance at 490 nm (K ₄₉₀), rainfall and magnitude of surface wind fields, including the zonal (U) and meridional components. Principal component analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster and similarity analyses indicate the complex nature of the bleaching patterns and the influence of the strong 1997–1998 El Niño. A significant (global R-value?=?0.65; p < 0.01) compounding effect of the reef location and bleaching intensity on the differentiation of bleaching environments was detected. A combination of high SSTAc5day and low K ₄₉₀ may cause coral bleaching in the northernmost reefs. Evidence clearly points to a scenario where the influence of reef location, bleaching year and intensity may produce a compounded effect that determines the bleaching environments in Bahia.  相似文献   

    

Shigeru Horii  Momoko Yamaki  Masakazu Haruta  Jun‐Ichi Shimoyama 《Electronics and Communications in Japan》2014,97(4):10-18

We report changes in the degree of triaxial orientation as functions of the applied magnetic field and rotation rate for Y₂Ba₄Cu₇O_y powder samples oriented in epoxy resin under modulated rotating magnetic fields (MRFs). Although the degrees of orientation were reduced as a result of a decrease in both the applied field and rotation rate, the mechanisms of the reduction of the degrees of orientation were found to be different. Optimization of the MRF conditions or quantification of triaxial magnetic anisotropy in a target substance is required for the production of triaxially oriented ceramics based on a colloidal process.  相似文献   

    

Tetsuyuki Ishii  Kenji Otani  Takumi Takashima  Yanqun Xue 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2013,21(4):481-489

The performance of photovoltaic modules is influenced by solar spectrum even under the same solar irradiance conditions. Spectral factor (SF) is a useful index indicating the ratio of available solar irradiance between actual solar spectrums and the standard AM1·5‐G spectrum. In this study, the influence of solar spectrum on photovoltaic performance in cloudy weather as well as in fine weather is quantitatively evaluated as the reciprocal of SF (SF⁻¹). In the cases of fine weather, the SF⁻¹ suggests that solar spectrum has little influence (within a few %) on the performance of pc‐Si, a‐Si:H/sc‐Si, and copper indium gallium (di)selenide modules, because of the “offset effect”. The performance of a‐Si:H modules and the top layers of a‐Si:H/µc‐Si:H modules can vary by more than ± 10% under the extreme conditions in Japan. The seasonal and locational variations in the SF⁻¹ of the bottom layers are about ± several %. A negative correlation is shown between the top and bottom layers, indicating that the performance of a‐Si:H/µc‐Si:H modules does not exceed the performance, at which the currents of the top and bottom layers are balanced, by the influence of solar spectrum. In the cases of cloudy weather, the SF⁻¹ of the pc‐Si, a‐Si:H/sc‐Si, and copper indium gallium (di)selenide modules is generally higher, suggesting favorable for performance than that in fine weather. Much higher SF⁻¹ than that in fine weather is shown by the a‐Si:H module and the top layer of the a‐Si:H/µc‐Si:H module. The SF⁻¹ of the bottom layer neither simply depend on season nor on location. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Hideki Fukano  Takeshi Shinagawa  Kenji Tsuruta 《Electronics and Communications in Japan》2013,96(10):37-42

An optically powered device using an InGaAs photodiode has been developed. This study aims to harvest light energy (2.8 to 500 μW) from the FTTH (fiber‐to‐the‐Home) network and to utilize it for operating remote sensors without an external energy source. We designed the booster circuit and evaluated its characteristics, confirming that it could boost an input voltage of 0.3 V to 3.0 V. We also evaluated the characteristics of an InGaAs photodiode and confirmed that it could output a voltage over 0.3 V using 10‐μW input light. We demonstrate that a ready‐made sensor can be operated with an input optical power as low as 10 μW. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(10): 37–42, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11472  相似文献   

    

Yue Zhao  Bumjung Kim  Kenji Watanabe  Takashi Taniguchi  James Hone  Philip Kim  Colin Nuckolls 《Advanced functional materials》2014,24(32):5157-5163

Enhancing the device performance of single crystal organic field effect transistors (OFETs) requires both optimized engineering of efficient injection of the carriers through the contact and improvement of the dielectric interface for reduction of traps and scattering centers. Since the accumulation and flow of charge carriers in operating organic FETs takes place in the first few layers of the semiconductor next to the dielectric, the mobility can be easily degraded by surface roughness, charge traps, and foreign molecules at the interface. Here, a novel structure for high‐performance rubrene OFETs is demonstrated that uses graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as the contacting electrodes and gate dielectric layer, respectively. These hetero‐stacked OFETs are fabricated by lithography‐free dry‐transfer method that allows the transfer of graphene and hBN on top of an organic single crystal, forming atomically sharp interfaces and efficient charge carrier‐injection electrodes without damage or contamination. The resulting heterostructured OFETs exhibit both high mobility and low operating gate voltage, opening up new strategy to make high‐performance OFETs and great potential for flexible electronics.  相似文献   

    

Manabu Ishimoto  Hitoshi Hirakawa  Kenji Awamoto  Koji Shinohe  Hitoshi Yamada  Yosuke Yamasaki  Tsutae Shinoda 《Journal of the Society for Information Display》2005,13(11):905-912

Abstract— The plasma‐tube‐array display is expected to become a wall‐sized display with very high luminous efficacy. The cell design for high luminous efficacy was investigated. Also, discharging in the plasma tube was observed in order to investigate the structure for high luminous efficacy. As the result, a high luminous efficacy of 5.4 lm/W was achieved.  相似文献   

    

Koichi Sakita  Kunio Takayama  Kenji Awamoto  Yasunobu Hashimoto 《Journal of the Society for Information Display》2003,11(1):139-144

Abstract— A simple model to calculate changes in wall voltage during weak discharge in three‐electrode ACPDPs was developed. A change in the wall voltage vector has an intrinsic direction for each discharge, which not only reveals the basis of problems in the ramp setup but also simplifies the analysis of cell operation during setup. New ramp‐setup waveforms designed for this model widened the operating margin.  相似文献   

    

Kenjiro Nishikawa  Ichihiko Toyoda  Kenji Kamogawa  Tsuneo Tokumitsu  Masayoshi Tanaka 《国际射频与微波计算机辅助工程杂志》1998,8(6):498-506

This paper presents the advantages of the three-dimensional (3D) masterslice monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology and the application of its technology to computer-aided design (CAD) software. Its high level of freedom in transmission line routing offers design flexibility and the high integration of 3D MMICs. A 20-GHz single-chip receiver and 60 GHz amplifier are demonstrated. The 3D masterslice MMIC technology, an advanced MMIC design method, is effective in making existing CAD software fully CAD compatible by attaching software packages which allow the sharing of parameters between schema and layout, autorouting, customized simulation and database including reference circuits, and so on. Masterslice MMIC CAD software is also developed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 8: 498–506, 1998.  相似文献   

    

Shimazu T  Kurata K 《Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering》2003,95(4):384-390

In utilizing somatic embryogenesis for transplant production, torpedo-stage embryos are harvested. In order to enhance the formation rate of torpedo-stage embryos to total embryos of all developmental stages in the culture at the time of harvest, a dynamic dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) control algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on the difference in developmental response of somatic embryogenesis to DO level depending on developmental stages, and the culture period was divided into three phases of different DO levels. The timing of the phase change was determined based on the formation rate of the embryos in each developmental stage in the suspension assessed by noninvasive monitoring of the culture. The induction of carrot (Daucus carroa L.) somatic embryogenesis resulted in doubled formation rate of torpedo-stage embryos by dynamic DO control compared to the 20% oxygen gas aeration, and 1.4 times higher formation rate compared to 6% oxygen gas aeration, while the total number of embryos did not differ among DO treatments. Plant conversion rate of torpedo-stage embryos cultured by the dynamic DO control was 70%, and was approximately the same as that in the control cultures. The relations between variations of medium pH and somatic embryogenesis were also analyzed.  相似文献   

    

Omori K  Idei A 《Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering》2003,95(1):1-12

Protein translocation to the extracellular space is essential for the invasion, colonization, and survival of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria within a host organism. In addition to the N-terminal signal sequence-dependent secretion system, which is specific for protein transport to the periplasmic space, there are five major systems (type I, II, III, IV, and V) that are known to be involved in protein secretion into the extracellular space. Of the systems, the type I pathway, which is composed of three membrane components including an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein, translocates proteins into the extracellular space from the cytosol by directly using the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis, and therefore, the system is a member of the ABC transporter family and is also known as the ABC exporter. To date, ABC exporters have been discovered to be involved in the secretion of a wide variety of exoproteins including RTX (repeats-in-toxin) toxins, cell surface layer proteins, proteases, lipases, bacteriocins, heme-acquisition proteins, and nodulation-related proteins such as the exoglucanases of gram-negative bacteria. A secretory protein and its associated specific ABC exporter are encoded in the same gene cluster in most cases, and ABC exporters show substrate specificity for secretion. Consequently, ABC exporters are present based primarily on the number of secretory protein genes. A secretion signal is situated in the C-terminal region of secretory proteins, however, the characteristics of the secretion signal are not fully understood. Secretory substrates and their linked ABC exporters are reviewed in the following paper.  相似文献