超高频变压器局部放电在线监测系统在智能变电站的应用

分析了变压器局部放电产生机理,并简要介绍了目前变压器局部放电在线监测的研究现状.研究了基于超高频传感技术的局部放电在线监测系统的相关设计方案,最后对本系统在某变电站的应用进行了分析,并总结了变压器局部放电在线监测系统的特点及重要意义.     

Rheological properties of mixtures of molten polymer and fluorocarbon blowing agent. I. Mixtures of low-density polyethylene and fluorocarbon blowing agent

The viscosities of mixtures of low-density polyethylene and fluorocarbon blowing agent were determined from the measurement of wall normal stress along the longitudinal axis of a capillary die. For the study, three different grades of commercial high-pressure low-density polyethylene were used, together with the following fluorocarbon blowing agents, dichlorodifluoromethane (FC-12), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC-114), and blends of FC-12 and FC-114. In the experiment, blowing agent concentration and melt temperature were varied for each combination of polymer and blowing agent employed. Analysis of the experimental data has led to a correlation between the viscosity reduction factor (VRF) and the blowing agent concentration, in which VRF is defined as the ratio of the viscosity of polymer-blowing agent mixture to that of the polymer alone. It was found that the correlation obtained is independent of shear rate and temperature and dependent upon only the type of fluorocarbon blowing agent. The practical significance of the correlation is discussed. We have shown that the entrance pressure drop obtained in the absence of phase separation in the entrance region may be used as a measure of the elastic properties of mixtures of fluorocarbon blowing agent and low-density polyethylene resin.     

Chemorheology of thermosetting resins. I. The chemorheology and curing kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin

The rheological properties and curing kinetics of a general-purpose polyester resin have been determined during isothermal cure. Both steady and oscillatory shearing flow properties were determined using a cone-and-plate rheometer, and the curing kinetics were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was found that, as cure progresses, the steady shear viscosity increases very rapidly with cure time at all shear rates investigated, and normal forces show negative values at low shear rates and positive values at high shear rates. The observed negative normal forces are believed to result from material shrinkage during cure, and positive normal forces from the deformation of large molecules, formed by crosslinking reactions during cure. Note that, in a cone-and-plate rheometer, the shrinkage force acts in the direction opposite to that of normal forces. It is, therefore, concluded that extreme caution is needed in the interpretation of normal force measurements with thermosetting resins, subjected to steady shearing flow. Dynamic measurements seem to offer some insight on the onset of gel formation. More specifically, we have found that, when the unsaturated polyester resin was cured at a fast rate, the time at which a maximum in the loss modulus G” occurs coincides reasonably well with the time t_η∞ at which the steady shear viscosity η approaches infinity. However, at a slow rate of cure, the time at which tan δ equals unity agrees fairly well with t_η∞. DSC measurement has permitted us to determine the degree of cure as a function of cure time and the kinetic parameters in an empirical expression for the curing kinetics advanced by Kamal and co-workers. By combining the rheological and DSC measurements, we have constructed plots describing how the viscosity increases with the degree of cure, at various values of isothermal curing temperature.     

Chemorheology of thermosetting resins. II. Effect of particulates on the chemorheology and curing kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin

The effect of particulates on both the rheological properties during cure and the curing kinetics of unsaturated resin has been investigated. For the investigation, a general-purpose unsaturated polyester resin was used, with calcium carbonate and clay as inorganic particulates and high-density polyethylene powder as organic particulates. It has been found that, as the particulate content increases, the resin/particulate mixture gives rise to shear-thinning behavior and the rate of cure increases. It has also been found that the CaCO₃ particles helped control shrinkage during cure when the material was subjected to steady shear deformation and that the gel time tη∞ is shorter for mixtures of resin and particulates than for the neat resin alone. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is found useful for determining the curing kinetics of resin/particulate mixtures. We have combined rheological and DSC measurements to obtain a correlation between viscosity and the degree of cure during isothermal curing operations.     

Rheology-processing-property relationships in tubular blown film extrusion. I. High-pressure low-density polyethylene

Three different grades of high-pressure low-density polyethylene resin were used to establish relationships between tubular film blowability and the molecular parameters, namely, the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the degree of long-chain branching (LCB), and also between the processing conditions and the mechanical properties of the tubular blown films produced. For the study, both the shearing and elongational flow properties of the resins were determined. During the tubular film blowing experiment we measured the freeze-line position, the tubular bubble diameter, the takeup speed, the axial tension, the pressure inside the tubular bubble, and the mass flow rate of the resin. The thickness of the tubular blown films was measured from the samples collected. In order to determine the tubular film blowability, we measured the maximum takeup speed at which the tubular blown bubble broke, for various blowup ratios. The measurements described above permitted us to calculate the tensile stresses at the freeze line, in both the machine and transverse directions, and they were found to be correlatable to the processing conditions employed. It has been found that the tubular film blowability is increased as the resin's MWD becomes narrower and the degree of LCB is less. It has been found further that a resin having lower elongational viscosity tends to give a greater draw-down ratio, indicating a better tubular film blowability. Finally, the tensile properties of the tubular blown films were found correlatable to the processing variables, namely, blowup and takeup ratios.     

Rheology-processing-property relationships in tubular blown film extrusion. II. Low-pressure low-density polyethylene

An experimental investigation was undertaken to establish rheology-processing-property relationships in the tubular blown film extrusion of low-pressure low-density polyethylene (LP-LDPE). For the study, three commercial LP-LDPE resins, each from a different resin manufacturer, were used in producing tubular films, by employing the apparatus described in Paper I of this series. Both molecular and rheological characterizations of the resin were conducted, enabling us to interpret the tubular film blowing characteristics of the resins. Correlations were obtained between the processing variables (namely, blowup and takeup ratios) and the tensile properties of the films. The tubular film blowing characteristics of LP-LDPE and HP-LDPE resins are compared. Differences in the rheological properties (namely, elongational viscosity) of the two types of resin are used in explaining the experimentally observed differences in their tubular film blowability.     

乙酸乙酯-苯-甲苯,四氯化碳-乙酸乙酯-苯两组三元体系汽液平衡数据的测定和关联

本文用改进的Colburn汽液平衡釜测定了在760mm汞柱压力下,乙酸乙酯-苯-甲苯和四氯化碳-乙酸乙酯-苯两组三元体系的汽液平衡数据.乙酸乙酯-苯-甲苯三元体系的分析方法采用折光指数(n_D~(20))和正常沸点两种三元物性数据相结合的物理化学分析法,四氯化碳-乙酸乙酯-苯三元体系的组成采用折光指数(n_D~(20))和密度(d_4~(25)两种物性数据相结合的方法.将所测定的两组平衡数据与纯组分的参数有关的关联式计算所得结果进行对比,获得了满意的结果.     

烤烟叶面分泌物的初步研究

分析了烤烟叶面分泌物，初步定性出7大类15种化合物，其中含量最多的是杜瓦三烯二醇、薄荷烯醇、杜瓦三烯一醇、4-β-17-乙酰-贝壳杉-18-醛等。饼肥对分泌物中各成分的含量有明显地提高作用。     

食品厂蒸发设备热能分析

蒸发是食品工厂主要耗能过程之一。本文对蒸发器进行热能分析提出了一个可行的方法。     

线性控制系统的"能抗干性"

本文把系统排除"外部干扰"的能力概括为系统的"能抗干性",给出了"能抗干性"的严格定义,证明了系统为"能抗干"的充分必要条件及系统达到"输出调节"的充分必要条件,提出了检验"能抗干性"的具体算法.最后,讨论了多项式阵系统的"能抗干性"条件及实现"能抗干性"的补偿器结构.