Impacts of impregnation chemicals on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials produced combination of beech and poplar veneers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with boron compounds Borax (B_X), Boric acid (B_A), B_X + B_A, Imersol-Aqua (I_AQUA) and Timbercare-Aqua (T_AQUA) on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials produced combination of Oriental beech and poplar veneers bonded with Desmodur-VTKA (D_V) and Poly(vinyl acetate) (P_VAc) adhesives. The test samples, prepared from beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and poplar (Populus nigra Lipsky) woods, were impregnated boron compounds by vacuum, I_AQUA by dipping and T_AQUA by brushing methods according to ASTM D 1413-76-99 and directions of the manufacturer. The laminated wood materials were prepared in the form of five layers, 4 mm thickness from the impregnated beech and poplar veneers according to TS EN 386. Combustion properties of samples after laminated and impregnated process were determined according to ASTM E 160-50. Considering the interaction of combustion type and impregnation materials, combustion temperature was found the highest in flame source combustion (F_SC) + T_AQUA (528.150 °C) but the lowest in without flame source combustion (WF_SC) + B_A (391.333 °C). Consequently, boron compounds and I_AQUA showed a decreasing impact on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials, produced combination of beech and poplar veneers, bonded with D_V. In consequence, impregnation with boron compounds and Imersol-Aqua of the laminated wood materials, bonded with Desmodur-VTKA, provides security for the usage of having high risk of fire.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of chicken and cattle manures: Free ammonia inhibition

In this study, 4 different anaerobic digesters were set by keeping the chicken manure ratios as 0%, 30%, 70%, and 100% by completing the remaining portions with cattle manures. According to the results, the highest methane production potentials were 144 ± 7, 201 ± 12, 217 ± 3, 256 ± 5 L/kg VS_added, respectively. After reaching the highest total nitrogen concentrations in semi continuously operated reactors, methane level has dropped due to free ammonia (as high as 652 mg NH₃-N/L) inhibition stimulated by high pH in all reactors. Recovery of the methane production following free ammonia inhibition was greatly succeeded although deficiency in essential trace elements such as Cd and Ni. Nevertheless, it was shown that cattle manure alone can be a good co-substrate for the chicken manure.     

新疆红果桑果实总生物碱的提取工艺的研究

采用分光光度法,以盐酸小檗碱为标准品测定新疆红果桑中的总生物碱含量。在提取过程中通过单因素试验分析乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间及提取温度4 个主要因素对提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交设计法进行试验,优化红果桑总生物碱提取工艺条件。结果表明：红果桑总生物碱的最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数90%、料液比1:15、提取温度70℃、提取时间6h。根据最佳提取工艺条件测得的红果桑的总生物碱提取率为2.5%。该实验结果可靠,方法简便,最佳条件适合批量生产中该药材的提取。     

Fractionation and characterization of edible sheep tail fat

Edible sheep tail fat was effectively fractionated by an acetone crystallization. Each of the fractions and filtrates were analyzed for melting point, refractive index, iodine value, fatty acid composition, and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Fatty acid analysis indicated that as the fractionation temperature decreased, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the fractions increased. The liquid fraction had a differential scanning calorimetry melting curve similar to commercial salad oil and the curve of one of the filtrates resembled that of cocoa butter.     

Enhancing phosphate removal from wastewater by using polyelectrolytes and clay injection

Aluminum sulfate, alum, is a common chemical coagulant used for coagulation. Recently, polymers have been utilized in coagulation/flocculation processes for water purification. In this study, the ability of two organic polymers, tannin (natural polyelectrolyte) and AN913 (synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte), and clay to act as coagulant aids was tested, in the removal of phosphate from synthetic wastewater. Contaminants in synthetic waters were coagulated using alum, alum+clay, alum+tannin, alum+AN913, alum+tannin+clay and alum+AN913+clay. Alum together with polymers as coagulant aids yielded a significant improvement in phosphate removal compared with alum alone, for initial phosphate concentrations of 5–15 mg/l PO₄³⁻. The use of clay and polyelectrolytes improved the efficiency of phosphate removal and lowered the required alum dose. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the identification and characterization of the aluminum species formed during dephosphorization of the synthetic wastewater with and without tannin, AN913 and clay. Evidence from FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of aluminum hydroxyphosphate, hydroxy-Al-tannate and aluminum complexes containing phosphorus, tannin and AN913.     

Periodic Review Production Models With Variable Yield And Uncertain Demand

A periodic-review production model with variable yield (uncertain supply) and uncertain demand is formulated and investigated. First, we provide a complete analysis of the final (single) period problem. The order point turns out to be unaffected by the yield distribution, but the expected yield corresponding to optimal lot size generally does not equal the difference between the order point and initial stock. We then explore properties of the two-period problem, the solution of which is generally non-myopic. Finally, the solution structure of the n-period problem is reported.     

Control of nonholonomic systems with extended base space dynamics

This paper extends certain results in Reference 1 to a more general class of nonholonomic systems with extended base space dynamics. This extension is important in applications for which control actuator dynamics are significant. These nonlinear control systems are referred to as nonholonomic control systems owing to certain nonintegrability assumptions which are made. The class of systems considered in this paper are characterized by general nonlinear base space dynamics that are input-output decouplable. Controllability results for this class of nonholonomic control systems are presented.     

Oriented Growth of Gold Nanowires on MoS2

Layered 2D materials serve as a new class of substrates for templated synthesis of various nanomaterials even with highly dissimilar crystal structures; thus overcoming the lattice constraints of conventional epitaxial processes. Here, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is used as a prototypical model substrate for oriented growth of in‐plane Au nanowires (NWs) despite the nearly 8% lattice mismatch between MoS₂ and Au. Au NWs on the MoS₂ surface are oriented along three symmetrically equivalent directions within the substrate arising from the strong Au–S binding that templates the oriented growth. The kinetics of the growth process are explored through experiments and modeling. Strong charge transfer is observed between Au NWs and MoS₂, resulting in degenerate p‐doping of MoS₂.