Study of carcass fats of beef animals. I. The composition of beef brisket fat

Summary The iodine value, titer, and unsaturated fatty acid composition of a number of beef brisket fats have been determined. Beef brisket fats have been found to differ from beef tallows representing composites of fats from other portions of the carcass. The variations are manifested in a higher iodine value, lower titer, lowersaturated fatty acid, and a higher monoethenoid fatty acid composition. The outer brisket fat seems to differ from composite tallows more than the inner brisket fat. This observation, previously unreported, does not apparently conflict with Shorland's designation of beef tallows as “heterolipids.” Journal series number 46 of the American Meat Institute Foundation. Presented at 25th Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 8–11, 1951.     

A Bio–Fluidic–Photonic Platform Based on Deep UV Modification of Polymers

We present a review of our work on deep UV (DUV) modification of methacrylate-based polymers. This technology serves as a platform for realizing planar and ridge waveguide-based devices, fluidic channels, and enables the patterning of living cells including neural cells in vitro. Details on the DUV chemistry and fabrication technologies including hot embossing of multimode interference couplers will be given     

Storage conditions affect quality of noodles with added soy flour and sweet potato

Summary Noodles were prepared from a formulation in which a portion of the flour was replaced with 10% defatted soy flour and sweet potato as 10% flour or 15% puree. Dried noodles were packaged in plastic bags under partial vacuum or air and stored at 4.4 °C or 22–30 °C for 6 months. Colour, β-carotene and sensory characteristics were analyzed at 2-month intervals. Packaging atmosphere had minor effects on colour. Stored noodles became lighter and yellower, and β-carotene decreased, with all changes being greater at 22–30 °C. Storage conditions influenced acceptability scores minimally. Noodles were stored successfully under air with greater quality retention with 4.4 °C storage.     

Developing a self-reporting method to measure pedestrian behaviors at all ages

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a self-reporting scale to measure injury risk behaviors among pedestrians of all ages. The Pedestrian Behavior Scale (PBS) was developed that included 47 items enabling respondents to evaluate the frequency with which they had different types of pedestrian behaviors. The validation study was carried out on 343 participants (126 men and 217 women) between the ages of 15 and 78. Factor analyses were used to differentiate between 4 axes. Factor 1, “transgression”, included items concerning offence of legal rules and errors. Factor 2 included “lapses” items. Factor 3 comprised “aggressive behavior” items and factor 4 included “positive behavior” items. A revised version of the PBS with 20 items was produced by selecting those items that loaded most strongly on the four factors. The 20-item version had good internal reliability. The effects of demographic and mobility variables on the PBS scores were investigated. This instrument will be useful in measuring the frequency of these different types of behaviors among the pedestrians who are most at risk, analyzing the psychological factors used to predict PBS scores and thus better adapt preventive actions to the different populations of vulnerable road users of all ages.     

A pilot scale study of reverse osmosis for the purification of condensate arising from distillery stillage concentration plant

Reverse osmosis (RO) is an interesting process to eliminate small organic solutes (carboxylic acids and alcohols) from distillery condensates before recycling them into the fermentation step. This work investigates the influence of transmembrane pressure, pH and volume reduction factor (VRF) on the efficiency of reverse osmosis treatment of condensate from distillery stillage concentration at pilot scale using three pre-selected membranes (CPA2 and ESPA2 from Hydranautics, BW30 from DOW). Performances were assessed according to permeate flux, solutes rejection and abatement of fermentation inhibition. Transmembrane pressure increase leads to an increase of these three parameters with a plateau for rejections and abatement at 20 bar; however, in order to comply with membranes manufacturer's recommendations and to limit or delay polarization and fouling, it was decided to keep the permeate flux below a value of 30 L h⁻¹ m⁻². This corresponded to a maximum pressure of 10 bar for CPA2 and ESPA2 membranes and 25 bar for BW30 membrane. pH increase leads to a diminution of permeate flux and an increase of carboxylic acids rejection whatever the membrane; nevertheless, no abatement of fermentation inhibition is observed. Increasing VRF provokes a decrease of the permeate flux. Although local rejections are stable, the mean rejection assessed with the raw condensate (feed) and the mean permeate decreases. However, the fermentation inhibition remains under 10% up to a VRF of 8. BW30 membrane exhibits the highest rejections and inhibition abatement. On the basis of the pilot scale results with the BW30 membrane, a preliminary estimation of the membrane area is proposed for an industrial plant with 100 m³ h⁻¹ of condensate flow rate and the optimized parameters (pressure 25 bar, no pH modification, VRF 4 and 8).     

Long-Term AS∕SVE for Petroleum Removal in Low-Permeability Piedmont Saprolite

A 3.5-year pilot test of air sparging∕soil vapor extraction (AS∕SVE) was carried out to determine whether the heterogeneity of the Piedmont saprolite would allow adequate soil vapor velocities and effective vapor-phase extraction rates for petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) remediation. The objectives were to compare: (1) the effectiveness of pulsed SVE versus pulsed AS∕SVE operation; (2) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) versus PHC removal; and (3) biological versus physical removal of PHC. Stack exhaust gas, SVE wells, and soil vapor probes were monitored for total combustible hydrocarbons (TCH), BTEX, O2, CO2, temperature, and flow rate using handheld meters and gas chromatography. The majority of contaminant recovered was removed from the vadose zone via SVE. BTEX and TCH were both effectively removed from the more-permeable and highly contaminated unsaturated-saturated zone interface. Bioremediation accounted for 23% of total removal. Overall, the AS∕SVE system physically removed an estimated 18,800 kg of PHC and 5,300 g of BTEX with an average rate of 70 kg d?1 and 0.4 g d?1, respectively, which was consistent with other AS∕SVE studies in sandy media.