A Method for Reducing the Dead‐Time Voltage and Impedance Voltage in a Series Voltage Compensator

Many research groups are developing series voltage compensators. In a series converter, since a transformer is used in series in the power system, the power system current flows into the voltage source inverter through the transformer. The inverter current, which is determined by the transformation ratio, gives rise to an error voltage that consists of a dead‐time voltage and an impedance voltage. The error voltage is generated even when the reference voltage is zero. This paper describes the mechanism by which the error voltage occurs and proposes a method for reducing the error voltage. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 85–93, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22333     

A chemically amplified molecular glass resist with an ionic photoacid generator and a single protection group

A molecular glass resist with an ionic photoacid generator and a single protection group (MR‐1) has been developed. MR‐1 exhibited good thermal properties, such as a 5% weight loss temperature (T_d5%) of 167°C and a glass transition temperature (T_g) of 80°C. MR‐1 showed the good sensitivity of 80 μC/cm² and high contrast of 4.9 with e‐beam exposure (50 keV). A relatively high resolution of 50 nm and low Line‐Edge‐Roughness of 3.8 nm were obtained by e‐beam exposure (100 keV). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39769.     

Measurement of heat/mass transfer at second stage vane endwall according to step heights

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Recently, domestic gas turbines are primarily operated under partial loads. Hence, thermal expansion of components decreases, leading to a...     

Lower Irritation Potential of Laureth‐3 Carboxylate Amino Acid Salt

Sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants have been categorized as low‐skin irritation chemicals based on results of previous skin irritation tests. However, detergent‐induced skin irritation still occurs. Detergents with a low‐skin irritation effect are required, since the number of cosmetics for sensitive skin has increased. Therefore, an in vitro method of testing the safety of cosmetics for sensitive skin is required. Skin irritation by anionic surfactants was investigated to determine the effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate (polyoxyethylene lauryl carboxymethyl ether) amino acid salt on skin irritation. In addition, sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants, regarded as low‐irritation surfactants, were also tested for skin irritation. The skin irritation effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate lysine salt (Surfactant 1 ), sodium laureth sulfate (Surfactant 2 ), and sodium N‐lauroyl glutamate (Surfactant 3 ) were investigated using a reconstructed human cultured epidermal model, LabCyte EPI‐MODEL24 6D. Cell viabilities of cultured epidermal cells exposed to Surfactant 1 (5.0 % aq.), Surfactant 2 , and Surfactant 3 were 82.0, 45.0 and 19.1 %, respectively. There were significant differences in cell viability upon exposure to 5.0 % aqueous test solutions of the three test chemicals. The results of the current investigation indicate that Surfactant 1 has a low skin‐irritation effect.     

Applicability of the generalized scaling law to a pile-inclined ground system subject to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading

The generalized scaling law is based on the concept of two-stage scaling and allows currently available centrifuge facilities to model a large-scale prototype expanding over the spatial dimension ranging from 30 m or larger subject to earthquake motions. This paper presents the results of investigation on the applicability of the generalized scaling law to the fully nonlinear regime of soil-structure system with the induced strain level of 10% in the order of magnitude. The centrifuge model tests performed in this study under the modeling of models scheme consist of a pile model embedded in a inclined ground subject to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Four different centrifugal accelerations ranging from 13g to 50g are used whereas the actual size of the physical model is kept constant with an overall scaling factor of 1/100. The models are exposed to tapered sinusoidal input accelerations of frequency 0.59 Hz and amplitude 3.0 m/s² in prototype scale, and the results are compared in terms of prototype by applying the generalized scaling law. As for the response of the ground during shaking, essentially identical accelerations and excess pore water pressures are recorded for all cases, while the lateral displacement shows a variation ranging from 5% to 9% in terms of shear strain due to a slight variation in experimental conditions (e.g., input peak acceleration, achieved density distribution). Practically the same responses are measured among the cases in the dissipation phase of excess pore water pressure. With regard to pile behavior, nearly identical responses for the lateral displacements and bending moments are obtained for all cases both during and after shaking. These results demonstrated that the generalized scaling law is applicable to the fully nonlinear regime of soil-structure system subject to the cumulative shear strain in the order of 10% due to cyclic mobility of sands during earthquakes.     

Cationic polymerization of β-pinene with the AlCl3/SbCl3 binary catalyst: Comparison with α-pinene polymerization

The polymerization of β-pinene with the AlCl₃/SbCl₃ binary catalyst was investigated in toluene at −40°C and was compared with that of α-pinene. The polymerization of β-pinene with AlCl₃ alone was very rapid and retarded on addition of SbCl₃, in sharp contrast to that of α-pinene where added SbCl₃ remarkably accelerated it to give relatively high molecular weight oligomers. Attempted copolymerization of the two isomers with the binary catalyst, in turn, induced their parallel homopolymerizations, indicating that the copolymerization was difficult due to the large difference in reactivity. The homopolymerizations with AlCl₃/SbCl₃ were not seriously affected by a sterically hindered base, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (DTBMP); the initiating species, therefore, would be different in nature from a proton. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Specification of individual variation in luminous efficiency for brightness

Principal component analysis was applied to spectral luminous efficiencies determined by the heterochromatic brightness matching by 51 and 70 observers for the field size. 2° and 10°, respectively, which were used to derive the CIE V_b,2(Λ) and V_b,10(Λ). Four principal components were found to explain the individual variation. the two deviation indices were introduced by slightly modifying the first and second principal scores and they were effectively used to specify individual variations and to predict the spectral luminous efficiency curve. Equations were derived to predict these two deviation indices as functions of luminous efficiencies at two wavelengths, 460 and 640 nm in the case of 2° field and 470 and 630 mm in 10° field. the luminous efficiency curves thus predicted by the two deviation indices fitted very nicely to the experimentally determined luminous efficiency curves of all the observers. A way to utilize the deviation indices in practice where observers play an important role is proposed to avoid some confusion that may take place because of individual variation.