Computer simulation of local lattice distortion in Cu-Au solid solution

The local lattice-distortion effects in Cu-25 at Pct Au solid solution were investigated using a computer simulation in which the nearest-neighbor Lennard-Jones interactions with thermal vibration effects were assumed. The investigation revealed that the average displacements of Cu-Cu and Au-Au pairs in the nearest neighbor were negative and positive directions, respectively, with respect to the rigid lattice before the relaxation, and that the diffuse scattering intensity due to local lattice distortion and local atomic configuration can be calculated by taking the short-range configuration up to the 12th nearest-neighbor pairs into account. The results reproduced the overall tendency of the experimental observations. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Hokkaido University.     

Spatial light modulators for projection displays

Spatial light modulators (SLM's) consisting of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film and a Bi(12)SiO(20) photoconductor are discussed and demonstrated. This device, which uses light scattering in the PDLC film, has several advantages including no polarizer, a low optical loss, and video-rate operation. The device was designed by use of an electrical-image method. High-definition SLM's with a limiting resolution (36-50 line pairs/mm) were fabricated by stacking of an optimized mirror and the PDLC film. The device, which was incorporated into a Schlieren system with a 1-kW xenon lamp, provided high-contrast video images and a total luminous flux of 1000 lm.     

The evolution of the thought of "Yojo" and its function as a theoretical bases for development of health culture

The purpose of this monograph is to clarify the role of "Yojo" on public health in Japan. Yojo is a traditional concept which has been used for the nourishment of life in Eastern cultures. These thoughts on Yojo were published under the title of Yojoron in ancient China. Yojoron was imported into Japan somewhere from the 7th to 10th centuries. In ancient and medievel Japan, there were few writings about Yojoron. However during the Edo period, Yojoron suddenly flourished. Dominant in Yojoron was diet. Issues such as exercise, mental control, and sexual restraint were also considered in the Bunka, Bunsei, and Tenpo periods (the first half of 19th century). Yojoron included not only matters of physical and mental health but various other matters regarding the general quality of life such as morality, domestic economy, culture and education. However other health-related issues such as longevity and absence of diseases, showed a simultaneous decrease in the importance. Also principles of Yojoron such as restraint and austerity in behaviour were liberalized. These trends indicated the basic shift in Yojoron from personal health care to self-culture for the entire quality of life. Writings on Yojoron were still published after the Meiji restoration (1868). The principle of Yojoron in the Meiji period was based on both social Darwinism and social revolution theories. The primary concerns of Yojoron were consolidated into achieving health and longevity by personal effort. Therefore Yojoron can be seen as the theory of lifestyle and quality of life in traditional societies in Japan. The public saw in Yojoron a design for living through improved health. This meant the Yojoron was a very refined art of living, and therefore, implies that health care should be integrated with entire self-development. The principle of Yojo offers the ideal foundation of 'health culture' in modern societies.     

Permeability of a series of alcohols through poly(γ-methyl-d-glutamate)

To elucidate the permeation mechanism in polypeptide membranes, permeation of a series of alcohols through poly(γ-methyl-d-glutamate) is studied. Breaks occur at the second order transition temperature in the Arrhenius plots of the diffusion coefficient and so it is concluded that the diffusion of small molecular substances in polypeptide occurs through the side-chain region between helices. These contain local coarse areas which contribute to the diffusion as effective holes without requiring vigorous molecular motion. The diffusion coefficient decreases systematically with increase of molecular size of penetrant.     

Sorption and permeation of poly(n-hexyl l-glutamate) — organic solvent systems

To elucidate the permeation mechanism in polypeptide membranes quantitatively, sorption and permeation of organic solvents on and through poly(n-hexyl l-glutamate) (PHeLG) membrane are studied. Sorption isotherms of solvents are monotonous curves characteristic of random mixing of solvent with the side chains of PHeLG. Values obtained for the permeability and diffusion coefficients are explained systematically by the solvent size and affinity to PHeLG. The free volume fraction of PHeLG is larger than that of usual amorphous polymers. Using a membrane prepared by the application of electric field to concentrated PHeLG solution, the influence of orientation of α-helix to the permeation behaviour is examined. While the sorption is affected little by orientation, the permeability and diffusion coefficients decrease systematically with increase of orientation. It is also confirmed that the critical solvent concentration for the orientation in PHeLG-benzene system is about 40 wt %.     

Microwave Synthesis of Yttrium Aluminum Iron Garnet Powder

The solid solution of yttrium aluminum garnet-yttrium iron garnet [YAIG, Y₃(Al,Fe)₅O₁₂] was synthesized from the component oxides by 28 GHz-microwave irradiation. The compositions of the resulting garnets were not the same as the nominal compositions. This difference could be explained by selective coupling of chemical species with microwaves, predictable from the temperature–time profiles of each raw material under microwave irradiation. The diffusion process under microwave irradiation was discussed.     

Telecommunications at the Nagano 1998 Winter Olympic Games

The Olympic Games pose a big challenge for all telecommunications services, including voice communications, live video transmission, data transmission, and cellular phone services. Even though it is only a 16-day program, the Olympics require a large-capacity network and special grade quality and reliability over a wide geographical area (including ski resorts in the mountains). This article presents an overview of the telecommunications systems used in the Nagano 1998 Winter Olympic Games and reviews their performance     

Energy-Efficient Redundant Execution of Processes in a Fault-Tolerant Cluster of Servers

This paper investigates into fault tolerance of cluster of servers and their energy efficiency to realize a reliable and energy aware server cluster system. A client issues a request to one server in a server cluster and the server sends a reply to the client in information systems. Once the server stops by fault, the client does not receive a reply of the request. Even if the request is performed on another server on detection of fault of the server, some QoS requirements like response time may not be satisfied. Hence, each request has to be redundantly performed on multiple servers to be tolerant of server faults. The redundant power consumption laxity-based (RPCLB) algorithm is discussed where multiple servers are selected to redundantly and energy-efficiently perform a request process in our previous studies. Since each application process is redundantly performed on more than one server, the larger amount of electric power is consumed. In this paper, we propose a novel and improved RPCLB (IRPCLB) algorithm to reduce the power consumption of servers, where once a process successfully terminates on one server, meaningless redundant processes are forced to terminate on the other servers. In the evaluation, we show the total power consumption of servers and total execution time of processes are reduced in homogeneous and heterogeneous types of clusters by the IRPCLB algorithm than the RPCLB and RR algorithms.     

Effect of Goreisan,a Japanese Traditional Medicine,on Cortical Spreading Depolarization in Mice

Goreisan, a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, is often used to treat headaches, including migraines; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether chronic treatment with Goreisan affects cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) in migraines. CSD susceptibility was assessed in male and female C57BL/6 mice by comparing CSD threshold, propagation velocity, and CSD frequency between animals treated with Goreisan for approximately 3 weeks and the corresponding controls with a potassium-induced CSD model. No significant differences were observed in CSD susceptibility between mice that were chronically treated with Goreisan and the control mice. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in other physiological parameters, including body weight, blood gases, and blood pressure. CSD susceptibility was not affected by chronic treatment with Goreisan, which suggests that the drug treats headaches via mechanisms that do not involve CSD modulation.