Developmental changes in enzyme activities and in structural features of rat masticatory muscle mitochondria

The functional ability of a muscle is closely related to the activities of the mitochondria, which are energy-producing organelles in muscle cells. The development of the mammalian masticatory muscle progresses dramatically when feeding behavior changes from suckling to mastication, but it is unclear how the energy-producing systems of the mitochondria change. In this paper, the development of rat masticatory muscle mitochondria was investigated in terms of enzyme activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the structural and numerical development of mitochondria, especially regarding the change in feeding behavior from suckling to mastication. Using isolated mitochondria from the masticatory muscle, we measured succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, succinate-O2 oxidoreductase, and NADH-O2 oxidoreductase. These were found to be increased in the 15-day postnatal rat compared with the 0- to 10-day postnatal rat. The structural development of mitochondria was gradual in the 0- to 15-day postnatal rat. However, a notable increase was found in the cross-sectional area of mitochondria between 10 and 15 days postnatally. The number of mitochondria per muscle fiber was apparently constant during the same period. We demonstrated that the change in feeding behavior was well-correlated with an increase in mitochondrial enzyme activity, also supported by the early structural development of mitochondria.     

Demographic study of first-ever stroke and acute myocardial infarction in Okinawa, Japan

We performed a cross-sectional survey of stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Okinawa, Japan with a census population of about 1.2 million. A total of 3,644 cases of first-ever stroke and 898 cases of initial acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were detected. The age-adjusted annual incidence rate for stroke was 105 per 100,000 standard population of Japan, and that of AMI was 26. The case-fatality rate of stroke within 28 days of onset was 12.8%, and that of AMI was 22.2%. Of the stroke cases, 51.4% were diagnosed as brain infarction, 38.7% as brain hemorrhage, and 9.3% as subarachnoid hemorrhage. The diagnosis of stroke subtypes were confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in 98.4% of all stroke cases. In Okinawa, the incidence rate of AMI was still considerably lower than that in the Western population, and the rate of stroke was similar to that in the Western population.     

Ulcerative colitis with skip lesions at the mouth of the appendix: a clinical study

OBJECTIVE: We examined the clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis patients who demonstrated endoscopically discontinuous lesions at the mouth of the appendix. METHODS: Of patients with initial or recurrent active ulcerative colitis who underwent total colonoscopy during the past 3 yr at Osaka City General Hospital, we selected those who had skip lesions in the mouth of the appendix before treatment, and examined their gender, age, disease type, sites of lesions, inflammatory reaction, severity of disease, effects of treatment, and posttreatment course. RESULTS: Discontinuous lesions at the mouth of the appendix were found in 10 patients, who had the following common clinical features: the major lesion was usually present in the lower part of the large bowel including the rectum, many of the patients had suffered an initial attack only, all patients had mild disease, and many of the patients responded quite satisfactorily to treatment with salicylazosulfapyridine. CONCLUSION: Numerous patients with ulcerative colitis with discontinuous lesions at the mouth of the appendix were observed and their clinical characteristics were examined. Determination of the clinical significance of skip lesions in the appendix will contribute to elucidation of the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.     

Expression studies of delta-globin gene alleles associated with reduced hemoglobin A2 levels in Greek Cypriots

We previously identified five delta-globin gene alleles associated with reduced hemoglobin (Hb) A2 (Trifillis, P., Ioannou, P., Schwartz, E., and Surrey, S. (1991) Blood 78, 3298-3305). We have now evaluated functional consequences of the changes after expression in COS-1 cells to monitor effects on RNA splicing. In addition, variant Hb A2 tetramers were expressed in yeast to assess effects of amino acid changes on oxygen binding and stability to heat and mechanical agitation. The G --> T change at codon 27 and the A --> G change in IVS-2 both affect RNA splicing, whereas the C --> T change at codon 97 and the AT deletion in IVS-2 have no effect. Oxygen equilibrium curves of the Hb A2 variants expressed in yeast were similar to that of wild type Hb A2. None of the three variant Hb A2 tetramers (Thr --> Ile at codon 4 (Hb deltaT4I), Ala --> Ser at codon 27 (Hb deltaA27S), and Arg --> Cys at codon 116 (Hb deltaR116C)) showed decreased heat stability compared with Hb A2, whereas the Hb deltaT4I variant showed highest instability to mechanical agitation. Co-expression in yeast of alpha-globin chain and the delta-chain variant containing a Leu --> Pro change at codon 141 yielded no identifiable tetramers, suggesting lack of assembly or severe tetramer instability. These studies show the probable cause for decreased Hb A2 for two alleles is due to defective splicing, whereas decreased protein stability, increased tetramer association with red cell membranes, increased interdisulfide bond formation of delta-chains, which inhibits assembly with alpha-chains, and/or reduced assembly is suggested for the other three alleles.     

High-dose intravenous steroid pulse therapy in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

MIcrospheres containing diclofenac sodium (DS) were prepared using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as the main support material (1.0, 2.0, 3.0% (w/v)) and aluminum chloride as the crosslinker. Drug to polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 were used to obtain a range of microspheres. The microspheres were then coated with an enteric coating material, Eudragit S-100, efficiency, % yield value, particle sizes an in-vitro dissolution behaviour were investigated. The surface of the enteric coated microspheres seemed to be all covered with Eudragit S-100 from scanning electron microscopy observation. It was also observed that increasing the CMC concentration led to an increase in the encapsulation efficiency, % yield value and particle size and decreased the release rate. Eudragit S-100 coating did not significantly alter the size but the release rate was significantly lower even when the lower concentration solution was used.     

Prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in mouse osteoblastic cell line

PGE2 is one of the key molecules in the osteoblast. It is the major prostanoid in the bone, and its production is under the control of both systemic and local factors. PGE2 has been reported to have multiple actions in the osteoblast, such as growth promotion and cell differentiation. To better understand the action of PGE2 in the osteoblast, we determined the PGE receptor subtypes in MC3T3-E1, an osteoblastic cell line derived from the normal mouse calvaria. Northern blot analysis revealed that EP1 and EP4 subtypes are expressed in MC3T3-E1. In contrast, EP3 subtype was not detected by either Northern blot analysis or RT-PCR. The contribution of each subtype was evaluated by studying the effects of subtype-specific analogs on osteoblastic function at confluency and 5 days after confluency. An EP1 agonist, 17-phenyl-omega-trinor PGE2, increased DNA synthesis and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. 11-Deoxy-PGE1, and EP2 and EP4 agonist, decreased DNA synthesis and increased alkaline phosphatase activity at both stages. Butaprost, an EP2-selective agonist, showed effects similar to those of 11-deoxy-PGE1 only at confluency. Another and more differentiated osteoblastic marker, osteocalcin production, was detectable and was stimulated by 11-deoxy-PGE1 only 5 days after confluency. The exposure of these cells to EP1 agonist changed the cell shape to a more fibroblastic appearance. These results indicate that EP1, EP4, and probably EP2 are present in MC3T3-E1 cells; EP1 promotes cell growth, and EP2 and EP4 mediate differentiation of the osteoblast. Furthermore, the decreased response to EP2-specific agonist 5 days after confluency suggests that the expression of PGE receptor subtype is dependent on the stage of osteoblastic differentiation. This is the first report to determine PGE receptor subtypes in the bone.     

InxGa1−xAs (x=0.25–0.35) grown at low temperature

In_xGa_1−xAs (x=0.25–0.35) grown at low temperature on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy is characterized by Hall effect, transmission electron microscopy, and ultrafast optical testing. As with low temperature (LT) GaAs, the resistivity is generally higher after a brief anneal at 600°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows all the as-grown epilayers to be heavily dislocated due to the large lattice mismatch (2–3%). When the layers are annealed, in addition to the dislocations, precipitates are also generally observed. As with LT-GaAs, the lifetime shortens as growth temperature is reduced through the range 300–120°C; also, the lifetime in LT-In_xGa_1−xAs is generally shorter in as-grown samples relative to annealed samples. Metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors fabricated on the material exhibit response times of 1–2 picoseconds, comparable to results reported on GaAs grown at low temperature, and the fastest ever reported in the wavelength range of 1.0–1.3 μm.     

Parallel, self-organizing, hierarchical neural networks. II

For pt.I see IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol.1, p.167-78 (1990). Parallel, self-organizing, hierarchical neural networks (PSHNNs) involve a number of stages with error detection at the end of each stage, i.e., rejection of error-causing vectors, which are then fed into the next stage after a nonlinear transformation. The stages operate in parallel during testing. Statistical properties and the mechanisms of vector rejection of the PSHNN are discussed in comparison to the maximum likelihood method and the backpropagation network. The PSHNN is highly fault tolerant and robust against errors in the weight values due to the adjustment of the error detection bounds to compensate errors in the weight values. These properties are exploited to develop architectures for programmable implementations in which the programmable parts are reduced to on-off or bipolar switching operations for bulk computations and attenuators for pointwise operations