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61.
Abstraction layers for scalable microfluidic biocomputing 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
William Thies John Paul Urbanski Todd Thorsen Saman Amarasinghe 《Natural computing》2008,7(2):255-275
Microfluidic devices are emerging as an attractive technology for automatically orchestrating the reactions needed in a biological
computer. Thousands of microfluidic primitives have already been integrated on a single chip, and recent trends indicate that
the hardware complexity is increasing at rates comparable to Moore’s Law. As in the case of silicon, it will be critical to
develop abstraction layers—such as programming languages and Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs)—that decouple software development
from changes in the underlying device technology. Towards this end, this paper presents BioStream, a portable language for
describing biology protocols, and the Fluidic ISA, a stable interface for microfluidic chip designers. A novel algorithm translates
microfluidic mixing operations from the BioStream layer to the Fluidic ISA. To demonstrate the benefits of these abstraction
layers, we build two microfluidic chips that can both execute BioStream code despite significant differences at the device
level. We consider this to be an important step towards building scalable biological computers.
相似文献
Saman AmarasingheEmail: |
62.
Thorsen R. Spadone R. Ferrarin M. 《IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering》2001,9(2):161-168
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of upper limbs can be used for the recovery of some hand functions on patients with CNS lesions. This study deals with the control of FES by means of myoelectrical activity detected from voluntarily activated paretic muscles. The specific aim of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of myoelectrical control in terms of produced force and movement. For this purpose, a specific device called myoelectrical controlled functional electrical stimulator (MeCFES) has been developed and applied to six tetraplegic patients with a spinal cord lesion and one stroke hemiplegic patient. Residual myoelectric signals from the paretic wrist extensor (m. extensor carpi radialis, ECR) have been used to control stimulation of either the wrist extension (i.e., the same muscle) or thumb flexion. A tracking test based on a visual feedback of the produced force or movement compared to a reference target trajectory was used to quantify control accuracy. A comparison was made between the tracking performances of each subject with and without the MeCFES and the learning process for two of the subjects were observed during consecutive sessions. Results showed that the wrist extension was improved in three out of five C5 SCI patients and the thumb flexion was largely increased in one incomplete C3 SCI patient. The hemiplegic patient showed limited thumb control with the MeCFES but indicated the possibility of a carry over effect. It was found that a low residual natural force resulted in a less accurate movement but also with a large increase (up to ten times) of the muscle output. On the contrary, persons with a medium residual force obtained a smaller amplification of muscle force with a higher tracking accuracy 相似文献
63.
The nucleation and initial growth of GaAs films prepared from trimethylgallium and arsine on (0001) Al2O3 substrates have been examined by means of electrical measurements and reflection electron diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. The early stage of growth of GaAs, under conditions which are consistent with epitaxial film formation, appears to be by the formation of many discrete nuclei which coalesce to form large islands and eventually produce complete surface coverage. Electron diffraction results provide evidence of a high density of defects near the interface with a considerable improvement in crystal quality as the film thickness increases. Electrical measurements show the film at the interface to bep type. The thickness of thep layer varies typically from ~1 to ~5 μm, depending on the concentration of donor impurities in the reactant gases. The films are found to convert ton type upon subsequent growth, suggesting that thep-type behavior may be related to the defect structure near the GaAs/Al2O3 interface. 相似文献
64.
The dysfunctional protein C from a thrombophilic patient heterozygote for a G1388 to A converting the codon for Arg(-1) to His was purified from plasma and characterized. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the light chain of the protein C demonstrated that the dysfunctional protein C is elongated with one amino acid, namely the mutated His. This finding is compatible with disruption by the mutated His of the original basic propeptidase recognition sequence (Arg(-5)-Ile-Arg-Lys-Arg(-1)), resulting in a shift of the cleavage site to a new position, Lys(-2)-His(-1), which follows an alternative basic amino acid propeptidase recognition sequence (Arg(-5)-Ile-Arg-Lys(-2)). Because the mutation affects the propeptide that directs the gamma-carboxylation converting Glu to Gla residues in the Gla domain, it was investigated whether the mutation impaired this reaction. Gla fragment obtained by cleavage of the dysfunctional protein C light chain with endoproteinase Asp-N was isolated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, methylated, and subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis. The methylation step enabled the positive identification of Gla residues as well as the determination of the relative amount of Gla and Glu residues at each of the nine gamma-carboxylation sites of the Gla domain. The analysis showed that all nine potential gamma-carboxylation sites of the dysfunctional protein C were normally carboxylated. This result is compatible with the notion that position -1 is not a part of the recognition element for the gamma-carboxylase. In conclusion, evidence is provided showing that the mutation leads to aberrant propeptide processing and secretion of dysfunctional normally carboxylated protein C extended with the mutated His. 相似文献
65.
Material and device studies have been made on GaAs films grown by the trimethylgallium-arsine reaction on single crystal flux-grown BeO. The electrical properties of the films were found to be inferior to those grown on Al2O3; however, preliminary measurements on p-n junctions and Schottky-barrier FET's do suggest that device properties approaching those obtained in homoepitaxial GaAs may be achieved. Further improvements in film quality will be required before obtaining characteristics necessary for microwave applications. 相似文献
66.
In 1991, a special health service for doctors was started in Rogaland county. Three years later this service was evaluated via a questionnaire. Two thirds of 109 doctors were very satisfied, and only one was dissatisfied with this health service. The results show a need for both psychosocial and somatic health examinations for doctors. 相似文献
67.
Lipeng Zhang Jianjun Xia Jan Eric Thorsen Oddgeir Gudmundsson Hongwei Li Svend Svendsen 《Building Simulation》2017,10(1):51-63
Hydraulic unbalance is a common problem in Chinese district heating (DH) systems. Hydraulic unbalance has resulted in poor flow distribution among heating branches and overheating of apartments. Studies show that nearly 30% of the total heat supply is being wasted in Chinese DH systems due to a lack of pressure and flow control. This study investigated using pre-set radiator valves combined with differential pressure (DP) controllers to achieve hydraulic balance in building distribution systems, and consequently save energy and reduce the emissions. We considered a multi-storey building modelled in the IDA-ICE software, along with a self-developed mathematical hydraulic model to simulate its heat performance and hydraulic performance with various control scenarios. In contrast to the situation with no pressure or flow control, this solution achieves the required flow distribution and close-to-design room temperatures, as well as 16% heat savings, 74% pump electricity savings, and proper cooling of supply water. The energy consumption savings would therefore have positive environmental impacts, and be reflected in seasonal reductions of 2.1 kg/m2 CO2, 0.02 kg/m2 SO2, and 0.01 kg/m2 NOx for 3rd step energy efficiency buildings in Beijing. 相似文献