Oxidation behavior of TiAl coated with a fine-grain Co-30Cr-4Al film

The oxidation behavior of TiAl coupons coated with a fine-grain Co-30Cr-4Al (mass %) film of about 30-m thickness has been studied at 1100–1400 K in a flow of purified oxygen at atmospheric pressure for up to 500 ks. Three oxidation stages were recognized: initial transient, parabolic, and accelerated stages. However, at 1100 K a parabolic stage continues for more than 800 ks. The activation energy for parabolic oxidation agrees with reported values for the oxidation of alumina-former alloys, although the mass gains during the parabolic stages are relatively small at 1200 and 1300 K. Micropores developed mainly at the scale/coating and coating/substrate interfaces as oxidation proceeded. This is attributable to recrystallization of the coating during oxidation and a Kirkendall effect due to preferential diffusion of Co into the substrate. The accelerated oxidation can be explained in terms of the formation of rutile mounds on the scale.     

Oxidation Behavior of Ni-3,6, 10 wt.% Al Alloys at 800°C

The oxidation behavior of Ni and Ni-3, 6, and 10Al alloys at 800°C in an N₂–O₂ gas mixture was investigated. The mass gain of each alloy depended on both the oxidation periods and Al content. NiO scale was formed on all alloy substrates accompanied by internal oxides of Al₂O₃. Many cavities were formed at the NiO/substrate interface at shorter oxidation times, and these cavities were found to be filled by metallic Ni(Al) from the matrix in the internal-oxidation zone by the development of internal oxides. The filling of cavities by Ni(Al) was more significant on higher Al alloys, which had a higher density of internal Al₂O₃. Once metallic Ni(Al) formed along the entire NiO/substrate interface, the oxidation kinetics became the same as pure Ni. It was concluded that pure Ni filling the cavities at the interface provided a diffusion path of Ni from the substrate to the NiO scale, and that controlled the oxidation kinetics.     

Activity measurement of gallium in the B2 phase of the CoGa–Sb system by the EMF method with zirconia-based solid electrolyte

Gallium activity in the B2 phase regions of both binary Co–Ga and ternary Co–Ga–Sb systems was measured by EMF method with stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte The temperature range was 1073–1273 K and Sb concentrations were 1, 2 and 3 mol fractions. Ga activity at 1173 and 1273 K increases sharply in Ga rich region and the addition of Sb to the CoGa phase increases Ga activity. Activity change corresponds to the lattice parameter change with Sb addition to the CoGa phase.     

Two‐way multi‐view 2‐D/3‐D display combining LC lens and HVxDP panel using novel pixel arrangement

We have developed a two‐way multi‐view 2‐D/3‐D display combining a liquid crystal lens and horizontally and vertically x times‐density pixels (HVxDP) arrangement. The two‐way multi‐view display features the same display resolution in 2‐D and 3‐D modes and a quite small color moiré for landscape and portrait, respectively, when using the HVxDP arrangement. In this paper, we realized suitable 3‐D properties for achieving a good balance between 3‐D moiré and 3‐D crosstalk for landscape and portrait by a two‐way liquid crystal lens with two kinds of focal lengths for the edge part and the center part of the lens.     

Development of a coupled land-atmosphere satellite data assimilation system for improved local atmospheric simulations

This study developed a coupled land-atmosphere satellite data assimilation system as a new physical downscaling approach, by coupling a mesoscale atmospheric model with a land data assimilation system (LDAS). The LDAS consists of a land surface scheme as the model operator, a radiative transfer model as the observation operator, and the simulated annealing method for minimizing the difference between the observed and simulated microwave brightness temperature. The atmospheric model produces forcing data for the LDAS, and the LDAS produces better initial surface conditions for the modelling system. This coupled system can take into account land surface heterogeneities through assimilating satellite data for a better precipitation prediction. To assess the effectiveness of the new system, 3-dimensional numerical experiments were carried out in a mesoscale area of the Tibetan Plateau during the wet monsoon season. The results show significant improvement compared with a no assimilation regional atmospheric model simply nested from the global model. The surface soil moisture content and its distribution from the assimilation system were more consistent to in situ observations. These better surface conditions affect the land-atmosphere interactions through convection systems and lead to better atmospheric predictability as confirmed by satellite-based cloud observations and in situ sounding observations. Through the use of satellite brightness temperature, the developed coupled land-atmosphere assimilation system has shown potential ability to provide better initial surface conditions and its inputs to the atmosphere and to improve physical downscaling through regional models.     

A manufacturing XML schema definition and its application to a data management system on the shop floor

Digitization for sharing knowledge on the shop floor in the machinery industry has been given much attention recently. To help engineers use digitization practically and efficiently, this paper proposes a method based on manufacturing case data that has a direct relation to manufacturing operations. The data are represented in XML schema, as it can be easily applied to Web-based systems on the shop floor. The definitions were made for eight manufacturing methods including machining and welding. The derived definitions consist of four divisions of metadata, work-piece, process and evaluation. Three divisions except for the “process” division are common to the manufacturing methods. The average number of elements for a manufacturing method is about 200. The represented schema is also used to convey knowledge such as operation standards and manufacturing troubleshooting on the shop floor. Using the definitions, a data management system is developed. It is a Web-based Q&A system, in which the engineers specify the manufacturing case data mainly by selecting from the candidates. Then, the system fills in the blank portions and/or shows messages to help complete the case data. The proposed method is evaluated through practical scenarios of arc welding and machining.     

Transflective IPS‐LCD with improved reflective contrast ratio

Abstract— In order to improve the reflective contrast ratio of transflective IPS‐LCDs, a novel pixel design for a normally white reflective IPS has been proposed. In this design, the large‐inter‐electrode‐spacing layout using a novel driving method and a double‐layered electrode have effectively reduced the light leakage. By applying these two technologies, a transflective IPS‐LCD has been successfully demonstrated with a high contrast ratio (15:1) in the reflective mode and a wide‐viewing‐angle characteristic in the transmissive mode.     

The Effectiveness of Latent Semantic Analysis for Building Up a Bottom-up Taxonomy from Folksonomy Tags

In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of a semantic smoothing technique to organize folksonomy tags. Folksonomy tags have no explicit relations and vary because they form uncontrolled vocabulary. We discriminates so-called subjective tags like “cool” and “fun” from folksonomy tags without any extra knowledge other than folksonomy triples and use the level of tag generalization to form the objective tags into a hierarchy. We verify that entropy of folksonomy tags is an effective measure for discriminating subjective folksonomy tags. Our hierarchical tag allocation method guarantees the number of children nodes and increases the number of available paths to a target node compared to an existing tree allocation method for folksonomy tags.     

Homo- and copolymerizations of 3-(N-carbazolyl)-1-propyne and its homologues by Mo and W catalysts

Summary 3-(N-Carbazolyl)-1-propyne polymerized with MoCl₅- and WCl₆-based catalysts to produce a polymer in high yields. The MoCl₅ and MoCl₅-n-Bu₄Sn catalysts were the most effective (the systems solidified immediately after initiation of polymerization with these catalysts). The product polymer was a yellow solid insoluble in any solvent. Copolymerization of the present monomer with tert-butylacetylene by MoCl₅-n-Bu₄Sn produced a copolymer; it had a high molecular weight (M _w 350,000), completely dissolved in toluene, CHCl₃ etc, and formed a free-standing film by solution casting. -N-Carbazolyl-1-hexyne and-1-octyne produced toluene-insoluble polymers with WCl₆-Ph₄Sn.     

Threshold for Millimeter-Wave (60 GHz)-Induced Ocular Injury

Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves - Millimeter waves (MMW) absorbed by skin or cornea may induce damage by heat. We have developed a 60 GHz MMW exposure-induced eye...