Gaussian Thermal Flux model—II validation

The Gaussian Thermal Flux model is a fast thermal radiation sub-model which operates with minimal input and predicts flux on sloped surfaces for both clear and cloudy days. This paper presents the model's theoretical basis. It is distinguished from empirical models by its detailed two dimensional treatment of clouds, its computation of air layer transmissivity above and below cloud layers and its consideration of cloud height effects. The model improves upon existing flux emissivity and multi-band or line models by being independent of soundings and by its use of gaussian quadrature to speed the numerical integrations. It may be input entirely from standard screen level meteorological measurements.     

Preparation of (001)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films and their piezoelectric applications

Preparation of (001)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O(3) (PZT) thin films and their applications to a sensor and actuators were investigated. These thin films, which have a composition close to the morphotropic phase boundary, were epitaxially grown on (100)MgO single-crystal substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. These (001)-oriented PZT thin films could be obtained on various kinds of substrates, such as glass and Si, by introducing (100)-oriented MgO buffer layers. In addition, the (001) oriented PZT thin films could be obtained on Si substrates without buffer layers by optimizing the sputtering conditions. All of these thin films showed excellent piezoelectric properties without the need for poling treatment. The PZT thin films on the MgO substrates had a high piezoelectric coefficient, d(31), of -100 pm/V, and an extremely low relative dielectric constant, epsilon(r), of 240. The PZT thin films on Si substrate had a very high d(31) of -150 pm/V and an epsilon(r) = 700. These PZT thin films were applied to an angular rate sensor with a tuning fork in a car navigation system, to a dual-stage actuator for positioning the magnetic head of a high-density hard disk drive, and to an actuator for an inkjet printer head for industrial on-demand printers.     

Scintillation properties of Ce-doped LuLiF4 and LuScBO3

The crystals of 1 mol% Ce-doped LuLiF₄ (Ce:LLF) grown by the micro-pulling down (μ-PD) method and 1 mol% Ce-doped LuScBO₃ (Ce:LSBO) grown by the conventional Czochralski (Cz) method were examined for their scintillation properties. Ce:LLF and Ce:LSBO demonstrated ∼80% transparency at wavelengths longer than 300 and 400 nm, respectively. When excited by ²⁴¹Am α-ray to obtain radioactive luminescence spectra, Ce³⁺ 5d-4f emission peaks were detected at around 320 nm for Ce:LLF and at around 380 nm for Ce:LSBO. In Ce:LSBO, the host luminescence was also observed at 260 nm. By recording pulse height spectra under γ-ray irradiation, the absolute light yield of Ce:LLF and Ce:LSBO was measured to be 3600±400 and 4200±400 ph/MeV, respectively. Decay time kinetics was also investigated using a pulse X-ray equipped streak camera system. The main component of Ce:LLF was ∼320 ns and that of Ce:LSBO was ∼31 ns. In addition, the light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution against the γ-ray energy were evaluated.     

Silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause pregnancy complications in mice

The increasing use of nanomaterials has raised concerns about their potential risks to human health. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles can cross the placenta barrier in pregnant mice and cause neurotoxicity in their offspring, but a more detailed understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on pregnant animals remains elusive. Here, we show that silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with diameters of 70 nm and 35 nm, respectively, can cause pregnancy complications when injected intravenously into pregnant mice. The silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles were found in the placenta, fetal liver and fetal brain. Mice treated with these nanoparticles had smaller uteri and smaller fetuses than untreated controls. Fullerene molecules and larger (300 and 1,000 nm) silica particles did not induce these complications. These detrimental effects are linked to structural and functional abnormalities in the placenta on the maternal side, and are abolished when the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles are modified with carboxyl and amine groups.     

Palladium on Carbon‐Catalyzed Aqueous Transformation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids Based on Dehydrogenation under Mildly Reduced Pressure

The catalytic dehydrogenation of alcohols to carbonyl products is a green sustainable oxidation with no production of waste except for hydrogen, which can be an energy source. Additionally, a reusable heterogeneous catalyst is valuable from the viewpoint of process chemistry and water is a green solvent. We have accomplished the palladium on carbon (Pd/C)‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids in water under a mildly reduced pressure (800 hPa). The reduced pressure can be easily controlled by the vacuum controller of the rotary evaporator to remove the excess of generated hydrogen, which causes the reduction (reverse reaction) of aldehydes to alcohols (starting materials) and other undesirable side reactions. The present method is applicable to the reaction of various aliphatic and benzylic alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids, and the Pd/C could be reused at least 5 times.

     

Influence of high molecular weight polypeptides on the mouthfeel of commercial beer

Low malt beers have high sales volumes in Japan, but improving their mouthfeel, including softness, smoothness and decreasing astringency, is challenging because the compounds responsible remain unclear. In this study, beer was fractionated by preparative size‐exclusion chromatography, with the polypeptide and maltodextrin fractions purified using solid‐phase extraction and ion‐exchange resin. Sensory data from a spike test showed that the mouthfeel (softness, smoothness, and reduced astringency) of low malt beer was improved both by the degree of polymerisation (DP) of maltodextrins (DP of 2‐10; at increased concentration of 40 to 60%; P < 0.01) and by 10 ‐ 20 kilodalton (kDa) high molecular weight (HMW) polypeptide and 2‐3 kDa low molecular weight polypeptide fractions (at a 50% increase in concentration; P < 0.01). Furthermore, highly purified 10 to 20 kDa HMW polypeptides improved the softness and smoothness and decreased the astringency (at a 25% increase in concentration). This report is the first to provide experimental sensory data indicating that HMW polypeptides improve the mouthfeel of beer. Based on these findings, a new low malt beer was developed that showed significantly higher levels of the 10‐20 kDa HMW polypeptides with an overall improved mouthfeel. Mass spectrometric analysis of the 10 to 20 kDa proteins identified several unique foam positive proteins, including barley dimeric alpha‐amylase inhibitor‐1 and non‐specific lipid‐transfer protein 1. These 10‐20 kDa HMW proteins are likely to be responsible for the improved mouthfeel of beer. © 2020 Kirin Holdings Kabushik Kaisha Co. Ltd. Journal of the Institute of Brewing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Changes in Endogenous Oxytocin Levels and the Effects of Exogenous Oxytocin Administration on Body Weight Changes and Food Intake in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is frequently seen in females of reproductive age and is associated with metabolic disorders that are exacerbated by obesity. Although body weight reduction programs via diet and lifestyle changes are recommended for modifying reproductive and metabolic phenotypes, the drop-out rate is high. Thus, an efficacious, safe, and continuable treatment method is needed. Recent studies have shown that oxytocin (OT) reduces body weight gain and food intake, and promotes lipolysis in some mammals, including humans (especially obese individuals), without any adverse effects. In the present study, we evaluated the changes in endogenous OT levels, and the effects of acute and chronic OT administration on body weight changes, food intake, and fat mass using novel dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS model rats. We found that the serum OT level was lower in PCOS model rats than in control rats, whereas the hypothalamic OT mRNA expression level did not differ between them. Acute intraperitoneal administration of OT during the dark phase reduced the body weight gain and food intake in PCOS model rats, but these effects were not observed in control rats. In contrast, chronic administration of OT decreased the food intake in both the PCOS model rats and control rats. These findings indicate that OT may be a candidate medicine that is efficacious, safe, and continuable for treating obese PCOS patients.     

Incident angle dependence of sputtering yields for hydrogen bombardment of light elements

The angle of incidence dependence of the sputtering yield is investigated by the Monte Carlo program TRIMSP for the bombardment of low-Z materials by hydrogen isotopes. Most emphasis is laid on sputtering by tritium, because it shows the strongest effect of all hydrogen isotopes at low energies and because its future use in existing plasma machines. A strong dependence of the sputtering yield on the angle of incidence is seen below 100 eV incident energy. The maximum yields are comparable with values for chemical sputtering.     

Platinum on Carbon‐Catalyzed Precise Reduction Control of Trichloromethyl to Geminal‐Dichloromethyl Groups

Geminal‐dichloromethyl derivatives could be efficiently synthesized by the highly chemoselective platinum on carbon‐catalyzed mono‐dechlorination of trichloromethyl substrates in dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a specific solvent at 25 °C under a hydrogen atmosphere.