Integration strategies of hydrogen network in a refinery based on operational optimization of hydrotreating units

Inferior crude oil and fuel oil upgrading lead to escalating increase of hydrogen consumption in refineries. It is imperative to reduce the hydrogen consumption for energy-saving operations of refineries. An integration strategy of hydrogen network and an operational optimization model of hydrotreating (HDT) units are proposed based on the characteristics of reaction kinetics of HDT units. By solving the proposed model, the operating conditions of HDT units are optimized, and the parameters of hydrogen sinks are determined by coupling hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrification (HDN) and aromatic hydrogenation (HDA) kinetics. An example case of a refinery with annual processing capacity of eight million tons is adopted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optimization strategies and the model. Results show that HDS, HDN and HDA reactions are the major source of hydrogen consumption in the refinery. The total hydrogen consumption can be reduced by 18.9% by applying conventional hydrogen network optimization model. When the hydrogen network is optimized after the operational optimization of HDT units is performed, the hydrogen consumption is reduced by 28.2%. When the benefit of the fuel gas recovery is further considered, the total annual cost of hydrogen network can be reduced by 3.21×10₇ CNY·a_-1, decreased by 11.9%. Therefore, the operational optimization of the HDT units in refineries should be imposed to determine the parameters of hydrogen sinks base on the characteristics of reaction kinetics of the hydrogenation processes before the optimization of the hydrogen network is performed through the source-sink matching methods.     

降雨对火炬气排放管网内温度和压力影响的研究

针对石油化工厂可燃性气体排放管网在降雨后产生的温度及压力骤降现象,分析了极端情况下管网压力可能达到的最低值,以确定管网是否会出现负压。基于FLUENT数值模拟,分别研究了极端工况下无补气过程中,管径、温度、压力之间的变化规律,为确保火炬管网的安全设计提供了理论指导。     

唐安煤矿3409工作面巷道支护技术的优化研究

针对唐安煤矿3409工作面巷道支护特点及效果,对其巷道支护设计进行优化研究,并通过现场应用,得到了较好的经验及经济效果,为类似情况的巷道支护设计提供参考。     

基于AMESim的比例方向阀与直驱式伺服阀故障特性分析

比例方向阀与直驱式电液伺服阀具有响应快、抗污性染性强等优点,广泛应用在各大工业领域。根据比例方向阀和直驱式伺服阀的结构和工作原理,利用AMESim软件搭建两种阀的仿真模型,仿真分析这两种阀在常见故障下的流量特性曲线,通过电液伺服阀性能检测平台将仿真与实验数据进行对比,验证了仿真模型的准确性。通过对这两种阀的分析,可为不同工况下液压系统设计中伺服阀的选择及伺服阀的故障维修提供参考。     

大浪滩光卤石矿冷分解-正浮选工艺研究

以冷分解-正浮选工艺对大浪滩某矿区的盐田光卤石进行了提钾研究,考察了分解水量、浮选时间、捕获剂用量、母液回用和精矿洗涤等对钾盐回收率及精矿品质的影响。结果表明,分解水质量以光卤石中氯化镁完全溶解理论所需的110%为宜,捕获剂用量可选用(70+20)g/t,中矿和母液的再利用可使氯化钾回收率达到95.42%。经过精矿洗涤处理,所得产品中KCl的质量分数达到了93.56%,符合GB 6549—2011农业用氯化钾优等品指标要求。优化后的正浮选工艺对大浪滩钾矿具有了更好的针对性。     

Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) amphiphilic copolymers prepared by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization: Synthesis,self‐assembly,and thermoresponsive property

Thermoresponsive graft copolymers of ε‐caprolactone and N‐isopropylacrylamide were synthesized by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and the sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The copolymer composition, chemical structure, and the self‐assembled structure were characterized. The graft length and density of the copolymers were well controlled by varying the feed ratio of monomer to initiator and the fraction of chlorides along PCL backbone, which is acting as the macroinitiator for ATRP. In aqueous solution, PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm can assemble into the spherical micelles which comprise of the biodegradable hydrophobic PCL core and thermoresponsive hydrophilic PNIPAAm corona. The critical micelle concentrations of PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm were determined under the range of 6.4–23.4 mg/L, which increases with the PNIPAAm content increasing. The mean hydrodynamic diameters of PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm micelles depend strongly on the graft length and density of the PNIPAAm segment, allowing to tune the particle size within a wide range. Additionally, the PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm micelles exhibit thermosensitive properties and aggregate when the temperature is above the lower critical solution temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41115.     

集中式提纯器的设置与具有中间等级氢气网络的优化

氢气系统的集成与优化对于炼厂合理配置氢气资源和降低生产成本具有重要意义。针对具有中间等级氢气分配网络系统,本文提出了先确定中间等级状态再设置集中式提纯器的氢气网络分步优化模型,分析了在具有中间等级氢气网络中优化设置集中式提纯器的策略,并通过实例阐明了本文所提出方法的有效性。研究表明:对于具有中间等级的氢气网络系统,集中式提纯器应设置在氢源与中间等级之间,本文所提出的优化方法不仅使氢气网络结构具有可扩充性,而且可降低氢气公用工程的用量,减少炼厂的用氢费用。     

不同因素对HAP-尿素缓释肥中养分释放性能的影响

以羟基磷灰石(HAP)作为载体材料制备羟基磷灰石-尿素缓释复合肥,利用DMAB显色法检测尿素的含量,考察温度、肥水比、pH值对HAP-尿素复合物养分在水中释放率的影响,复合物在水中溶出养分释放率最佳条件是:肥水比为1∶20,温度为30℃,pH值为7。     

基于迭加原理的CVT暂态特性校正新方法

高压和超高压电力系统中广泛使用电容式电压互感器(CVT),但在电网短路时其暂态特性较差,变换误差很大.本文首次提出了一种基于迭加原理和CVT数字模型对其暂态特性进行校正的新方法,可在电网故障时为高压电网快速保护和测距装置提供准确的电压信号.文中给出的数字仿真结果,证明了本方法的有效性.     

Web集群服务器可用性的提高

以Web集群服务器的后端节点作为研究对象,通过减少后端节点的MTTR（Mean Timeto Repair）,来提高它们的可用性,从而提高整个集群服务器的可用性。首先,通过分析现有的故障恢复方案的不足,提出了新的改进方案,在新的方案中,采用了动态地检测和发送状态信息的策略。并引入了故障猜测状态,弥补了现有方案的不足。最后设计了一个试验环境,与现有的方案测试相比,使用改进的方案,MTTR（平均敞障修复时间）减少了63％,很好地提高了后端节点的可用性。