西加拿大沉积盆地 Cardium 组致密油资源评价

西加拿大盆地Cardium组以岩性为主要控制因素的油气藏边缘或油气藏之间发育一种被称为裙边油藏的非常规致密油资源,应用基于地质模型的随机模拟方法对Cardium组致密油资源量进行了预测.基于地质模型的随机模拟由3部分组成:地质模型建立、资源模型建立和随机模拟.采用统计学方法将分散在不同资料中有关资源丰度及其空间分布的信息有效地提取出来,并通过数学模型加以整理和重新组合,预测结果不仅包括资源量,同时给出其空间分布并指出勘探风险,可为勘探提供决策依据.预测结果表明,Cardium组总地质资源量(常规+非常规)为46×108m3,待发现的致密油地质资源量为29×108 m3,目前技术和经济条件下可采资源量为1.1×l08m3,不到待发现地质资源量的4％,但约占Cardium组总可采资源量的38％.基于Cardium组水平井资料,利用根据生产井产量递减推算的单井最终可采储量方法对基于地质模型随机模拟方法的评价结果进行检验,两种方法得到的可采资源量均值相差不大,证明基于地质模型的随机模拟评价结果可靠.图11参24     

常压盐溶液脱硫石膏转化生成α-半水石膏

Direct phase transformation of flue gas desulfurization gypsum in hot salt solution at atmospheric pressure was investigated. The effects of temperature, salt species, salt concentration, solids content, pH and modifier were examined. The crystals obtained under different conditions and solubility of calcium sulfate in contact with solid gypsum were also determined, α-Calcium sulfate hemihydrate crystals of stubby columnar shape and regular pentahedral sides were obtained under the following conditions: salt concentration 20%-30%, operation temperature 95-100℃, solids mass content in the slurry 10%-30% and neutral pH. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that phase transformation of calcium sulfate dihydrate to α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate occurs because of the difference in solubilities between the two solid gypsum phases in this system.     

合成条件对氨催化酚醛树脂结构的影响

利用红外光谱分析研究了反应温度、时间、催化剂用量,原料配比对合成的氨催化酚醛树脂中的羟甲基含量、邻对位取代比例、醚键含量和残炭率的影响。结果表明,合成条件不同,酚醛树脂中各特征基团含量变化明显,其中,邻对位取代比例变化较大,当氨水用量为4%时,邻、对位取代比值达到1.56。控制反应温度90℃,反应时间130~150 min,催化剂氨的用量3%~4%,甲醛、苯酚物质的量比为1.25时,树脂残炭率可达到49%左右。     

Perchlorate in the United States. Analysis of relative source contributions to the food chain

Perchlorate has been considered by some a potential threat to human health, especially to developing infants and children because it may inhibit iodide uptake by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) of the thyroid. In the United States, during the last several decades, environmental perchlorate has had three recognized sources stemming from (a) its use as an oxidizer (including in rocket propellants), (b) its presence in Chilean nitrate fertilizer (CNF), and (c) natural production. An analysis of the relative source strengths and how they may influence entry into the food chain has not been conducted. Averaged over the last --60 years, we estimate that the source strengths have been (a) 10.6, (b) 0.75, and (c) 0.13-0.64 Gg/y for the United States as a whole. Of this, while (b) and (c) represent actual dispersed amounts, the figure in (a) is the amount of perchlorate produced and only a fraction (f) of it has been dispersed and often in a more localized fashion. In addition, dispersal of (b) has taken place only over agricultural land. Considering that the total land area in the United States is 5.5 x the arable land area, in terms of incorporation into the food chain,the figure cited in (b) has a proportionately greater impact. Most estimates of fwill thus suggest that over the considered period, the contribution of CNF to incorporation of perchlorate in the food chain has likely been comparable to oxidizer perchlorate, with natural production being a lesser source. Fireworks presently constitute a potentially important source of increasing importance but a quantitative impact cannotyet be assessed.     

Improving reservoir volumetric estimations in petroleum resource assessment using discovery process models

The reservoir volumetric approach represents a widely accepted, but flawed method of petroleum play resource calculation. In this paper, we propose a combination of techniques that can improve the applicability and quality of the resource estimation. These techniques include： 1） the use of the Multivariate Discovery Process model （MDP） to derive unbiased distribution parameters of reservoir volumetric variables and to reveal correlations among the variables; 2） the use of the Geo-anchored method to estimate simultaneously the number of oil and gas pools in the same play; and 3） the crossvalidation of assessment results from different methods. These techniques are illustrated by using an example of crude oil and natural gas resource assessment of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Archipelago. The example shows that when direct volumetric measurements of the untested prospects are not available, the MDP model can help derive unbiased estimates of the distribution parameters by using information from the discovered oil and gas accumulations. It also shows that an estimation of the number of oil and gas accumulations and associated size ranges from a discovery process model can provide an alternative and efficient approach when inadequate geological data hinder the estimation. Cross-examination of assessment results derived using different methods allows one to focus on and analyze the causes for the major differences, thus providing a more reliable assessment outcome.     

哪款CPU更适合您？

是选择Pentium,Pentium Pro,还是PentiumⅡ?是选择Intel,AMD,还是Cyrix?现在就购买带有MMX的CPU,还是再等等?您可以利用我们在这里提供的关于今天和明天的新型CPU的介绍,指导您去采购最适合自己的PC。     

Single crystal PZN/PT-polymer composites for ultrasound transducer applications

Single crystal relaxor ferroelectrics of PZN-8%PT were investigated for potential application in ultrasound transducers. The full set of electromechanical properties was determined using combined resonance and laser interferometry techniques. Ultra-high length extensional coupling (k(33)) of 0.94 was observed, a 25% increase over Navy Type VI PZT ceramics. The thickness extensional coupling (k(t)) of 0.48 was comparable to PZT compositions, and the compliance S(33)(E) was a factor of six greater. To maximize height extensional coupling (k'(33)), while minimizing length extensional coupling k(31) in array elements, it was necessary to align the elements along the 100 crystallographic direction in the x-y plane. Mode coupling plots and test samples for array elements determined that width-to-height ratios of less than 0.5 were desired, similar to the requirement for polycrystalline PZT ceramics. Modeling of 1-3 composites and experimental results demonstrated that thickness coupling greater than 0.80 could be achieved with a 40% to 70% volume fraction of PZN-PT. Although this is a substantial increase over PZT 1-3 composites, with a thickness coupling coefficient of 0.66, it represents a smaller fraction of the length extensional coupling k(33). This reduction may be a consequence of the increased compliance of PZN-PT, which results in significant clamping by the polymer matrix. Ultrasonic transducers fabricated using PZN-8%PT 1-3 composites achieved experimental bandwidths as high as 141%. The pulse-echo responses displayed good agreement with modeled results using the Redwood equivalent circuit.     

Information systems in food safety management

Information systems are concerned with data capture, storage, analysis and retrieval. In the context of food safety management they are vital to assist decision making in a short time frame, potentially allowing decisions to be made and practices to be actioned in real time. Databases with information on microorganisms pertinent to the identification of foodborne pathogens, response of microbial populations to the environment and characteristics of foods and processing conditions are the cornerstone of food safety management systems. Such databases find application in: Identifying pathogens in food at the genus or species level using applied systematics in automated ways. Identifying pathogens below the species level by molecular subtyping, an approach successfully applied in epidemiological investigations of foodborne disease and the basis for national surveillance programs. Predictive modelling software, such as the Pathogen Modeling Program and Growth Predictor (that took over the main functions of Food Micromodel) the raw data of which were combined as the genesis of an international web based searchable database (ComBase). Expert systems combining databases on microbial characteristics, food composition and processing information with the resulting "pattern match" indicating problems that may arise from changes in product formulation or processing conditions. Computer software packages to aid the practical application of HACCP and risk assessment and decision trees to bring logical sequences to establishing and modifying food safety management practices.In addition there are many other uses of information systems that benefit food safety more globally, including: Rapid dissemination of information on foodborne disease outbreaks via websites or list servers carrying commentary from many sources, including the press and interest groups, on the reasons for and consequences of foodborne disease incidents. Active surveillance networks allowing rapid dissemination of molecular subtyping information between public health agencies to detect foodborne outbreaks and limit the spread of human disease. Traceability of individual animals or crops from (or before) conception or germination to the consumer as an integral part of food supply chain management. Provision of high quality, online educational packages to food industry personnel otherwise precluded from access to such courses.     

焦油渣含量及其粒度分布测定方法的研究

采用离心———抽提相结合的方法测定焦油渣含量,并运用激光粒度分析技术测定焦油渣粒度分布。结果表明,焦油中焦油渣以<10μm微粒组成为主,占总渣量88%～97%。     

如何生产木塑复合材料

在生产木塑复合材料时,要对木材的粒径、含水率进行严格控制。同时,对木材、塑料的选择也非常重要。本文对这些关键技术进行了详细的说明。