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71.
The Hidden Information State model: A practical framework for POMDP-based spoken dialogue management
Steve Young Milica Gai Simon Keizer Franois Mairesse Jost Schatzmann Blaise Thomson Kai Yu 《Computer Speech and Language》2010,24(2):150-174
This paper explains how Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) can provide a principled mathematical framework for modelling the inherent uncertainty in spoken dialogue systems. It briefly summarises the basic mathematics and explains why exact optimisation is intractable. It then describes in some detail a form of approximation called the Hidden Information State model which does scale and which can be used to build practical systems. A prototype HIS system for the tourist information domain is evaluated and compared with a baseline MDP system using both user simulations and a live user trial. The results give strong support to the central contention that the POMDP-based framework is both a tractable and powerful approach to building more robust spoken dialogue systems. 相似文献
72.
A. Genaidy W. Karwowski E. Ravelo S. Abdallah R. Shell M.B. Holley 《Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science》2013,14(5):469-490
Background: Traditionally, researchers concentrated on the analysis of lifting demands in industry. The assessment of mixed activities has been limited. Objective: The objective of this research is to develop a mixed object handling index (MOHI) for the analysis of the physical demands of combined pushing, pulling, lifting, lowering and carrying activities. Methods: A sequence motion model was formulated for mixed activities on the basis of the total mechanical work required, supplemented with stress coefficients to account for additional task difficulties. Results: As expected, the mixed object handling index yielded higher values than the NIOSH lifting index as a function of different task parameters. In addition, the effects of distance parameters on MOHI were more sensitive than those of angle of rotation (for pushing/pulling and carrying) and vertical height at the origin of lift/lower. Conclusions: The methodology proposed in this research can be used as a framework for the assessment of mixed activities in industry, particularly for cumulative work and peak loads. 相似文献
73.
74.
Eric P. Fahrenthold Blaise A. Horban 《International Journal of Impact Engineering》2001,26(1-10):169-178
An improved hybrid particle-finite element method has been developed for hypervelocity impact simulation. The method combines the general contact-impact capabilities of particle codes with the true Lagrangian kinematics of large strain finite element formulations. Unlike some alternative schemes which couple Lagrangian finite element models with smooth particle hydrodynamics, the present formulation makes no use of slidelines or penalty forces. 相似文献
75.
76.
Miha Furlan Thomas Heinzel Blaise Jeanneret Sergey V. Lotkhov 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2000,118(5-6):297-306
Statistics of Coulomb blockade oscillations in metallic singleelectron transistors are investigated. We observe stronglynon-Gaussian distributions of nearest-neighbor conductancepeak spacings. The fluctuations of peak position are found tobe reproducible as a function of gate voltage, with ahysteresis when sweeping the voltage up and down. Our resultsare explained in terms of gate potential dependentbistabilities in the background charge configuration. Weemphasize the importance of carefully taking into account theenvironmental charge fluctuations in high sensitivityelectrometric SET experiments, like such on single particlelevel statistics in semiconductor quantum dots. 相似文献
77.
Polyamines and their amino acid precursors were determined in Grenache and Syrah grapes and in wines made from these grapes. The compounds analysed were the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, in addition to their precursors, ornithine, agmatine and arginine. The analytes were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection using FMOC (fluorenylmethylchloroformate) as a pre-column derivatising agent Grape clusters were sampled from flowering to full maturity at different developmental stages. In addition, different berry parts were analysed separately from half veraison onwards. It appears that at berryset there is a decrease in the concentration of arginine, whereas polyamine concentrations remain constant at this stage. Concentrations of polyamines increased from must to alcoholic to malolactic fermentation; putrescine was the most abundant in wine (mean concentration after malolactic fermentation, MLF was 4.93 mg/l) followed by spermidine and then spermine (mean concentrations after MLF were 1.84 and 0.17 mg/l, respectively). In three of the four fermentation sites concentrations of all three compounds were greater in Syrah than in Grenache wines. In both varieties, it appears that polyamine biosynthesis occurs preferentially from arginine via agmatine. In all cases, concentrations of polyamines found in these grapes and wines were significantly below the levels typically found in other fermented foods. 相似文献
78.
D Blaise E Jourdan M Michallet JP Jouet JM Boiron G Michel C Faucher N Fégueux MP Schuller N Badri C Chabannon D Maraninchi 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,22(12):1153-1158
Blood cell transplantation (BCT) is now common practice in the autologous setting. We performed a pilot study of allogeneic BCT, collected after the priming of an HLA-identical sibling with a glycosylated rhu-G-CSF (lenograstim) (10 microg/kg). Fifty-four patients were included (38 +/- 11; M/F = 33/21; CML (n = 17), AML (n = 14), ALL (n = 15); MDS (n = 8)). Transplant procedures were standard (TBI regimen = 47 (87%); MTX-CsA: n = 37; CsA-PDN: n = 17). No serious adverse events were reported in donors. A median of 11 (3.5-29.1) x 10(6)/kg CD34+ cells, 332 (33-820) x 10(6)/kg CD3+ cells were collected. Four patients did not engraft (early death: n = 2; graft failure: n = 2). Fifty-one patients initially recovered 0.5 x 10(9)/l ANC and 25 x 10(9)/l platelets at 15 (10-30) and 13 (9-188) days. 29/51 and 29/38 experienced grade > or =2 acute and chronic GVHD. With a median follow-up of 25 months (18-36), relapse rate is 16% +/- 8, survival and DFS probabilities are similar (50% +/- 13). A better outcome is documented for patients under 45 years and in the early phase of the disease (n = 28), with an identical survival and DFS of 71% +/- 13. In conclusion, lenograstim is a potent rhu-G-CSF for mobilisation of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitors. Two-year follow-up indicates good haematological recovery but some concerns about graft failure and chronic GVHD have arisen deserving prospective evaluation. 相似文献
79.
Recent immunohistochemical analysis of cell cycle-related proteins such as p27, a cell cycle inhibitory protein, and Ki-67, a proliferation marker, indicated their possible values in predicting the biologic behavior of various human neoplasms. In this study, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of p27 and Ki-67 in 42 adrenocortical neoplasms (12 adrenocortical carcinomas, 24 adrenocortical adenomas) and 6 normal adrenal glands to evaluate their possible values in diagnosing adrenocortical malignancy and in predicting the biologic behavior of carcinomas. We detected Ki-67 and p27 immunoreactivity in the nuclei of all of our cases, and we observed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.572, P < .001) between the p27 and Ki-67 labeling indexes (LIs). The LIs of p27 and Ki-67 were 61.7+/-2.6 and 0.28+/-0.08 in the normal adrenal cortex and 59.4+/-6.5 and 0.33+/-0.11 in the adenomas, respectively, with no significant differences between the LIs of the adenomas and normal adrenals. The LIs of p27 and Ki-67 in the carcinomas were 48.9+/-7.5 and 630+/-6.21, respectively. The LI of p27 in the carcinomas was significantly lower than that in the adenomas. The LI of Ki-67 in the carcinomas was significantly higher than that in the adenomas (P < .01). Among carcinoma cases, the Ki-67 LI in living cases tended to be lower than that in deceased cases, and the p27 LI in living cases tended to be higher than that in deceased cases, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. These results indicated that decreased p27 protein expression might cause increased cell proliferation in adrenocortical carcinoma cells in combination with other positive and/or negative regulators of the cell cycle. These results also suggested that immunohistochemical analysis of p27 and Ki-67 might be useful in distinguishing between adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma 相似文献
80.
J. E. Hammerberg T. C. Germann B. L. Holian R. Ravelo 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(9):2741-2745
With the advent of large-scale parallel computers in the past decade, it has become possible to study the microphysics of
complex nonlinear many-body systems at scales approaching the mesoscale. One of the areas where nonequilibrium deformation
arises is that of dry sliding friction between ductile metals. We discuss the results of atomistic simulation studies of sliding
friction in the velocity range 10 to 103 m/s in the high-pressure regime of 5 to 15 GPa for Ta/Al and Cu/Ag tribopairs. We discuss the velocity dependence and the
near interface deformation seen in these simulations.
This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium “Dynamic Deformation: Constitutive Modeling, Grain Size, and
Other Effects: In Honor of Prof. Ronald W. Armstrong,” March 2–6, 2003, at the 2003 TMS/ASM Annual Meeting, San Diego, California,
under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Joint Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee. 相似文献