Wissen auf losen Blättern im Kontext starrer Theorien

At the end of the nineteenth century, after twelve years of intensive research, the ophthalmologist Theodor Leber (1840–1917) established the chemotaxis of leukocytes as part of inflammation research. Although at the time his theory was smoothly enlisted into immunological research, up until now his name has been connected to chemotaxis only in the English-language literature. Leber was able to use his experimental system to develop a theory of the chemical attraction of the leukocytes during inflammation processes by the beginning of the 1880s, but his unconventional methodology—introducing chemically neutral contaminants in order to trigger inflammation in the eyes of rabbits—contradicted the basic bacteriological Denkstil (style of thought) of inflammation research at the time. Leber held fast to his research practice, which consisted of closely interlocking experimental and theoretical work. Only when an opening appeared in the bacteriological Denkstil was Leber able to transform his experimental observations, written on loose sheets of paper, into convincing evidence for his theory of inflammation. This micro-historical reconstruction of Leber’s experimental and written work, based on his original lab protocols, opens up the research practice of a scientist who was not recognized by the established microbiological inflammation research of the time. Moreover, persistent factors in the generation of knowledge are revealed by connecting this micro-historical reconstruction with a macro-history analysis. Indeed Leber developed his specific paper technology in order to mobilise and stabilise the scientific findings gained through experiment because of the persistence of the bacteriological Denkstil.     

Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Cerium Monopnictides

The ultrasonic attenuation due to phonon–phonon interaction, thermoelastic relaxation and dislocation damping mechanisms has been investigated in cerium monopnictides CeX (X: N, P, As, Sb and Bi) for longitudinal and shear waves along \({\langle }100{\rangle }\), \({\langle }110{\rangle }\) and \({\langle }111{\rangle }\) directions. The second- and third-order elastic constants of CeX have also been computed in the temperature range 0 K to 500 K using Coulomb and Born–Mayer potential upto second nearest neighbours. The computed values of these elastic constants have been applied to find out Young’s moduli, bulk moduli, Breazeale’s non-linearity parameters, Zener anisotropy, ultrasonic velocity, ultrasonic Grüneisen parameter, thermal relaxation time, acoustic coupling constants and ultrasonic attenuation. The fracture/toughness ratio is less than 1.75, which shows that the chosen materials are brittle in nature as found for other monopnictides. The drag coefficient acting on the motion of screw and edge dislocations due to shear and compressional phonon viscosities of the lattice have also been evaluated for both the longitudinal and shear waves. The thermoelastic loss and dislocation damping loss are negligible in comparison to loss due to Akhieser damping (phonon–phonon interaction). The obtained results for CeX are in qualitative agreement with other semi-metallic monopnictides.     

Synthesis and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia</Emphasis>-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles and assessing their antifungal activity against plant pathogens

In this paper, we report the biosynthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles from an aquatic noxious weed, Eichhornia crassipes by green chemistry approach. The aim of this work is to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles by simple, cost-effective and ecofriendly method as an alternative to other available techniques. The synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The synthesized particles were highly stable, spherical in shape with an average diameter of 28 ± 4 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were then explored to antifungal activity against plant pathogens. Highest zone of inhibition were observed in 100 μg ml ^{? 1} of Eichhornia-mediated copper oxide nanoparticle against Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger. This Eichhornia-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles were proved to be good antifungal agents against plant fungal pathogens.     

Synthesis,characterisation and non-isothermal degradation kinetics of novel poly(mono ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-co-4-aminobenzoate)

Synthesis of a novel co-polymer made by the addition polymerisation between MEGDMA and 4-AB by aza-Michael addition (AMA) polymerisation method is a fascinating field of research. The present investigation yielded a hazardous metal catalyst-free and toxic solvent-free methodology. The AMA polymerisation was carried out at five different [ M ₁/M ₂] values under N₂ atmosphere at 100^°C for 2 h. Thus, obtained co-polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM image confirmed the formation of polymer nanoparticles. The non-isothermal degradation kinetics was followed with four different models, such as Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Auggis-Bennet, Kissinger and Friedman method. Among the models used, the Kissinger method yielded the lowest degradation kinetics. The degradation kinetics of the co-polymer was followed with the help of model-free methods. Moreover, it was critically compared with the literature.     

Tensile Properties and Failure Mechanism of a New 3D Nonorthogonal Woven Composite Material

Tensile properties and failure mechanism of a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) woven composite material named 3D nonorthogonal woven composite are investigated in this paper. The microstructure of the composite is studied and the tensile properties are obtained by quasi-static tensile tests. The failure mechanism of specimen is discussed based on observation of the fracture surfaces via electron microscope. It is found that the specimens always split along the oblique yarns and produce typical v-shaped fracture surfaces. The representative volume cell (RVC) is established based on the microstructure. A finite element analysis is conducted with periodical boundary conditions. The finite element simulation results agree well with the experimental data. By analyzing deformation and stress distribution under different loading conditions, it is demonstrated that finite element model based on RVC is valid in predicting tensile properties of 3D nonorthogonal woven composites. Stress distribution shows that the oblique yarns and warp yarns oriented along the x direction carry primary load under x tension and that warp yarns bear primary load under y tension.     

Fatigue Life Prediction of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures. Part I: Experimental Analysis

This paper presents an experimental analysis on the fatigue behavior in C/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) with different fiber preforms, i.e., unidirectional, cross-ply and 2.5D woven, at room and elevated temperatures in air atmosphere. The experimental fatigue life S???N curves of C/SiC composites corresponding to different stress levels and test conditions have been obtained. The damage evolution processes under fatigue loading have been analyzed using fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue hysteresis loss energy. By comparing the experimental fatigue hysteresis loss energy with theoretical computational values, the interface shear stress corresponding to different peak stress, fiber preforms and test conditions have been estimated. It was found that the degradation of interface shear stress and fibres strength caused by oxidation markedly decreases the fatigue life of C/SiC composites at elevated temperature.     

Leveraging Values in Global Organizations: Premises,Paradoxes and Progress

In this focused issue on the theme of “Leveraging Values in Global Organizations”, we highlight several prevalent themes on national, organizational and individual values in the literature. We argue that many premises in the literature have been accepted as fact; yet there are still many avenues open to exploration. We present several paradoxes that are often overlooked or lead to inconsistencies in the literature on values. The five articles in this focused issue address these premises and paradoxes, presenting new challenges and opportunities, providing progress and paving the way for future research on leveraging values in global organizations. The selected articles explore values with respect to international alliances and subsidiaries of multinational organizations at the organizational level, among global managers at the group level, and among employees and inpatriates at the individual level of analysis. We trust that readers of this issue will agree that the articles provide novel insights into key issues in the established, yet dynamic, field of research on values in the context of global organizations.     

Determination of the Secondary Bjerknes Force in Acoustic Resonators on Ground and in Microgravity Conditions

We propose an experimental methodology to determine the secondary Bjerknes force between rigid particles. Measurements done for different particles sizes showed acoustical inter particles interactions. We use and extend the methodology presented in a previous work. The determination of this force will lead us a better understanding of the aggregation process in acoustic resonators. We report in this work, the results of two parabolic flights campaigns performed at the Airbus A300 ZERO-G (Novespace, France).     

Application potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) based tissue-engineering for spinal cord defect repair in rat fetuses with spina bifida aperta

Spina bifida aperta are complex congenital malformations resulting from failure of fusion in the spinal neural tube during embryogenesis. Despite surgical repair of the defect, most patients who survive with spina bifida aperta have a multiple system handicap due to neuron deficiency of the defective spinal cord. Tissue engineering has emerged as a novel treatment for replacement of lost tissue. This study evaluated the prenatal surgical approach of transplanting a chitosan–gelatin scaffold seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the healing the defective spinal cord of rat fetuses with retinoic acid induced spina bifida aperta. Scaffold characterisation revealed the porous structure, organic and amorphous content. This biomaterial promoted the adhesion, spreading and in vitro viability of the BMSCs. After transplantation of the scaffold combined with BMSCs, the defective region of spinal cord in rat fetuses with spina bifida aperta at E20 decreased obviously under stereomicroscopy, and the skin defect almost closed in many fetuses. The transplanted BMSCs in chitosan–gelatin scaffold survived, grew and expressed markers of neural stem cells and neurons in the defective spinal cord. In addition, the biomaterial presented high biocompatibility and slow biodegradation in vivo. In conclusion, prenatal transplantation of the scaffold combined with BMSCs could treat spinal cord defect in fetuses with spina bifida aperta by the regeneration of neurons and repairmen of defective region.