Adsorption and Desorption of Cholesterol in Continuous Supercritical Fluid Processing of Anhydrous Milk Fat

The adsorption breakthrough volume of adsorbent for cholesterol reduction of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was determined by passing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) phase through an adsorption column with magnesium silicate at 40°C/241 bar. The breakthrough quantity for 76% cholesterol reduction was 2.0g fat/g adsorbent. With in-line adsorption on magnesium silicate, the cholesterol reduction in the extracts was 80 to 86%. Magnesium silicates saturated with cholesterol were regenerated with 10% ethanol in CO₂ at 40°C and 64°C/241 bar. The adsorption capacity of the magnesium silicate regenerated with 10% ethanol in SC-CO₂ at 40°C/241 bar was close to its original value. Its behavior was described by the Langmuir isotherm.     

Yield and Quality of Tofu as Affected by Soybean and Soymilk Characteristics. Calcium Sulfate Coagulant

Nine light hilum soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) varieties were used to study the characteristics of soybeans and soymilk that affect the yield and quality of tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate. The yield of tofu was not affected by the size of soybeans. Soybean varieties high in protein, fat and phosphorus contents produce tofu with higher protein, fat and phosphorus contents. Two models for predicting the yield of tofu were proposed. According to model one, soymilk with higher pH and total solids gives a higher yield of tofu. According to model two, soybeans high in protein and ash and low in phosphorus give a higher yield of tofu.     

Analysing the probabilities of the natural resting aspects of a component with a displaced centre of gravity

This paper presents a new approach in the analysis of the natural resting behaviour of a component with a displaced centre of gravity. The methods proposed by Boothroyd et al. (1972), and Boothroyd and Ho (1977), can analyse parts with the centre of gravity located al their geometric centre. Hitherto, the only attempt at analysing pans with displaced centres of gravity entailed the use of empirical factors (Boothroyd et al. 1972). The hypothesis presented herein makes use of the centroid solid angle concept to analyse a component with a displaced centre of gravity. The proposed hypothesis postulates that the probability of a part coming to rest in its various natural resting aspects is directly proportional to the magnitude of the centroid solid angle and inversely proportional to the height of the centre of gravity from that aspect. The experimental results of drop tests conducted on a test specimen corroborate the hypothesis within a maximum deviation of 4%. This is the first successful attempt in the analysis of the natural behaviour of components with displaced centres of gravity that does not rely on empirical factors.     

Analysing the natural resting aspects of a complex part

This papers introduces a new approach to predicting the natural resting behaviour of a prismatic part of irregular cross-section. The methods proposed by Boothroyd et al. (1972) and Boothroyd and Ho (1977) were successful in analyzing parts with geometrically simple configurations, although empirical factors were used in the former case. For the past 16 years or so, however, no attempt has been made to analyze pans with complex shapes. Up to now, the study of the natural resting behaviour of complex shapes was conducted by approximating or simplifying the two stated methods. Considering the fact that most parts encountered in industry are not geometrically simple, this practice is the norm rather than the exception. The hypothesis presented in this paper proposes that the probability of apart coming to rest on any of its many feasible resting surfaces is directly proportional to the centroid solid angle and inversely proportional to the height of the centroid from that surface. No empirical factors are needed or assumed. Complex components, such as those with a displaced centre of gravity, can be analyzed thus. The proposed hypothesis is compared with Boothroyd's Energy Barrier Method. The predictions of the hypothesis and the empirical results of drop tests conducted on non-symmetrical (oblong) and symmetrical (T-shaped( prisms are consistent to within 7%. This is the first successful attempt in the analysis of the natural behaviour of components with a complex shape.     

DRIFT CONTROL OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS WITH UNIT LOAD METHOD

The use of displacement participation factors obtained by the unit load method provides an effective drift control tool for high-rise buildings. Structural sensitivity coefficients and displacement participation factors for members in a structure with respect to the lateral displacement to be controlled are computed and used for identifying active members and their corresponding displacement components. The drift control method using the displacement participation factors with a variable linking strategy is formulated into an optimization problem to determine the amount of material to be modified. Using the drift control method, a structural design model for a high-rise building is proposed and applied to one verifying example and two moment resisting frames. Time consuming trial-and-error processes related to the structural design of a high-rise building is avoided by the proposed structural design model. As demonstrated in the examples, the maximum lateral displacements of the examples are reduced by 57·05, 40·0 and 16·36% without changing the total weights of the structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sediment provenance discrimination in northern Okinawa Trough during the last 24 ka and paleoenvironmental implication:rare earth elements evidence

Rare earth elements(REE) compositions and discriminant function were successfully used to examine high resolution sediment source changes in the northern Okinawa Trough over the last 24.1 ka,especially for the influence from the Yellow River and the Tsushima Warm Current(TWC) that has not been well solved.Variations of these parameters were clearly divided into three distinct depositional units.During Interval 1(24.1-16.0 ka BP),the paleo-Yellow River and the paleo-Yangtze River mouths were situated near the studied area and could have played major roles in the sedimentation therein.In Interval 2(16.0-7.3 ka BP),these river mouths gradually retreated with global sea-level rise,leading to less fluvial inputs from them to the northern Okinawa Trough.Meanwhile,formation of the TWC could carry some sediment loads of Taiwan to the studied core,especially during its late phase(8.0-7.3 ka BP).Modern oceanographic conditions,with a predominance of the TWC,were finally established since the beginning of Interval 3,causing more terrigenous contribution from Taiwan to the studied area.Sub-sequently,modern depositional environments mainly influenced by the Yellow River,the Yangtze River,and the TWC were finally formed.