The advantages of lowering the operation temperature of SOFCs have attracted great interest worldwide. One of the major barriers to decreasing the operation temperature is the ohmic loss of the electrolyte. Maximizing the electrolyte ionic conductivity is of significant importance, especially in the absence of new electrolyte materials. The ionic conductivity of electrolytes can be influenced by many parameters. There has been an enormous effort in the literature for the improvement of the electrolyte ionic conductivity. From a practical point of view, this paper reviews various approaches to enhancing the ionic conductivity of polycrystalline zirconia- and ceria-based oxide electrolytes in the light of composition, microstructure, and processing. Suggestions are given for future work. 相似文献
Heuristic algorithms (HAs) are widely used in multi-objective reservoir optimal operation (MOROO) due to the rapidity of the calculation and simplicity of their design. The literature usually focuses on one or two categories of HAs and simply reviews the state of the art. To provide an overall understanding and a specific comparison of HAs in MOROO, differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimisation (PSO), and artificial physics optimisation (APO), which serve as typical examples of the three categories of HAs, are compared in terms of the development and applications using a designed experiment. Besides, the general model with constraints and fitness function, and the solution process using a hybrid feasible domain restoration method and penalty function method are also presented. Taking a designed experiment with multiple scenarios, the mean average of the optimal objective function values, the standard deviation of optimal objective function values, the mean average of the computational time, and population diversity are used for comparisons. Results of the comparisons show that (a) the problem of optimal multipurpose reservoir long-term operation is a mathematic programming problem with narrow feasible region and monotonic objective function; (b) it is easy to obtain the same optimal objective function value, but different optimal solutions using HAs; and (c) comparisons do not result in a clear winner, but DE can be more appropriate for MOROO.
The fast development of multimedia technology and increasing availability of network bandwidth has given rise to an abundance
of network data as a result of all the ever-booming social media and social websites in recent years, e.g., Flickr, Youtube,
MySpace, Facebook, etc. Social network analysis has therefore become a critical problem attracting enthusiasm from both academia
and industry. However, an important measure that captures a participant’s diversity in the network has been largely neglected in previous studies. Namely, diversity characterizes how diverse a given node connects
with its peers. In this paper, we give a comprehensive study of this concept. We first lay out two criteria that capture the
semantic meaning of diversity, and then propose a compliant definition which is simple enough to embed the idea. Based on
the approach, we can measure not only a user’s sociality and interest diversity but also a social media’s user diversity.
An efficient top-k diversity ranking algorithm is developed for computation on dynamic networks. Experiments on both synthetic
and real social media datasets give interesting results, where individual nodes identified with high diversities are intuitive. 相似文献