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31.
Craig S. Long Albert A. Groenwold 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2004,61(6):837-855
Reduced integration is frequently used in evaluating the element stiffness matrix of quadratically interpolated finite elements. Typical examples are the serendipity (Q8) and Lagrangian (Q9) membrane finite elements, for which a reduced 2 × 2 Gauss–Legendre integration rule is frequently used, as opposed to full 3 × 3 Gauss–Legendre integration. This ‘softens’ these element, thereby increasing accuracy, albeit at the introduction of spurious zero energy modes on the element level. This is in general not considered problematic for the ‘hourglass’ mode common to Q8 and Q9 elements, since this spurious mode is non‐communicable. The remaining two zero energy modes occurring in the Q9 element are indeed communicable. However, in topology optimization for instance, conditions may arise where the non‐communicable spurious mode associated with the elements becomes activated. To effectively suppress these modes altogether in elements employing quadratic interpolation fields, two modified quadratures are employed herein. For the Q8 and Q9 membrane elements, the respective rules are a five and an eight point rule. As compared to fully integrated elements, the new rules enhance element accuracy due to the introduction of soft, higher‐order deformation modes. A number of standard test problems reveal that element accuracy remains comparable to that of the under‐integrated counterparts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
32.
能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,由于其仪器本身结构比较简单,X射线的分析线强度利用率高,又能同时接受所有X射线光谱,近年来逐渐被广泛采用.特别半导体技术飞跃发展,促使半导体探测器分辨能力的提高,目前商品化的Si(Li)漂移探测器在MnKα5.9 keV处和计数率在10000cps以下时,其能量分辨率已达157 eV,这样大大扩大它的使用.从长远观点看,1998年47届Denver会议上,美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)提出3 eV微热量计(micro calorimeter),其能量分辨率几乎可达到波长色散水平.当然目前由于成本昂贵,还没有达到实用阶段,另外偏振化技术的应用,使谱线散射背景大大降低,使能量色散X射线荧光痕量分析已达μg/g级,并成为地质、环保、冶金材料的科研和生产主导分析方法之一.从1992年开始斯派克分析仪器公司就开始生产偏振化能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪. 相似文献
33.
Hong Long Chen 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,23(4):171-181
The difficulty in applying the standard curve (S-curve) and cost-schedule integration (CSI) techniques for company-level cost flow forecasting in a project-based industry is the prerequisite of forecasting future unknown individual projects and contract classifications. By analyzing cost flows at the company level through a pool of macroeconomic and internal financial data, this paper proposes an innovative approach to firm-specific model estimation. First, a series of data transformations introduce linear relationships between cost, macroeconomic, and internal financial variables. Second, multivariate regression analysis is employed for initial model building. Third, for the purposes of model restructuring, a subsequent application of Yule–Walker estimates and incomplete principal component analysis is used. This paper uses a sample of four project-based construction firms to demonstrate model performance. Using this methodology, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of the forecasting models range from 0.27 to 0.60%. As such, the transformed cost, macroeconomic, internal financial data could strongly predict company-level cost flow forecasting. While converting the predicted cumulative cost data to periodic cost flows, the MAPE values were augmented, ranging from 7.04 to 17.55%, thus, requiring future research. 相似文献
34.
Multichannel security protocols transmit messages over multiple communication channels, taking into account each channel's security properties. Our first intentional use of these protocols goes back to a 1999 article that proposed physical contact for imprinting as opposed to the wireless channel used in subsequent operations. Only later did we understand three key points. First, explicit use of multiple channels in the same protocol can offer significant advantages for both security and usability. Second, explicitly stating the properties of the channel on which each protocol message is transmitted is useful for understanding one's own protocol in greater depth and therefore for addressing subtle vulnerabilities early on. Third, multichannel protocols existed long before we recognized them as such - think of the courier handcuffed to the briefcase carrying the code book that will later protect postal or telegraphic traffic. The paper presents a security protocol that exploit additional transmissions over lower-capacity channels, typically found in ubicomp environments, that offer a different combination of security properties. 相似文献
35.
化学还原法制备纳米铜粉的研究 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:17
本文采用KBH4在液相中化学还原CuSO4,并加入KOH和络合剂EDTA ,制得了纳米级的纯净的铜粉 ,通过调整反应物的浓度 ,可以消除Cu2 O等杂质。制备的纳米铜粉还存在一定程度的团聚 ,需试验加入分散剂来改善。 相似文献
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38.
A wideband low-noise pseudomorphic HEMT MMIC variable-gain amplifier has been designed and fabricated. The amplifier has a nominal gain of 13 dB across the band 2-20 GHz, with gain flatness better than ±0.4 dB. The noise figure is less than 3 dB across the band 6-16 GHz. An on-chip temperature-sensing diode is used to provide a linear temperature correction which has been used to reduce the gain variation of the amplifier by a factor of 2 across the temperature range -50°C to +95°C 相似文献
39.
介绍了高可靠电镀Ni/Au工艺在PTFE微波印制电路上的应用,并分析了氨基磺酸盐镀软镍和亚硫酸盐镀软金工艺的影响因素及提高Ni/Au镀层之间附着力的措施。通过实验及应用证明了与直接镀金工艺相比,在软基材PTFE敷铜箔板上镀Ni/Au工艺能大大提高微波电路的可焊性,高温稳定性和长期可靠性,并且用其所制作的微波器件的高频性能也优于直接镀金工业。 相似文献
40.
ATM技术能否在数据通信网中广泛采用取决于其是否能高效地支持现有业务,其中主要为非连接业务。本文介绍了几种基于ATM 的非连接业务支持方式和协议体系结构,对其进行了评述并对IP分组到ATM信元的封装效率进行了分析。 相似文献